AUTHOR=Mirsaidi Niely , Burns Matthew P. , McClain Steve A. , Forsyth Edward , Li Jonathan , Dukes Brittany , Lin David , Nahvi Roxanna , Giraldo Jheison , Patton Megan , Wang Ping , Lin Ke , Miller Edmund , Ratliff Timothy , Hamidi Sayyed , Crist Scott , Takemaru Ken-Ichi , Szema Anthony TITLE=Enhanced Mortality to Metastatic Bladder Cancer Cell Line MB49 in Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Gene Knockout Mice JOURNAL=Frontiers in Endocrinology VOLUME=8 YEAR=2017 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2017.00162 DOI=10.3389/fendo.2017.00162 ISSN=1664-2392 ABSTRACT=

To identify if the absence of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene enhances susceptibility to death from metastatic bladder cancer, two strains of mice were injected with MB49 murine bladder cancer cells. The growth and spread of the cancer was measured over a period of 4 weeks in C57BL/6 mice and 5 weeks in VIP knockout (KO) mice. A Kaplan–Meier plot was constructed to compare control C57BL/6 mice and C57BL/6 mice with MB49 vs. VIP KO controls and VIP KO mice with MB49. The wild-type (WT) strain (C57BL/6) contained the VIP gene, while the other strain, VIP knockout backcrossed to C57BL/6 (VIP KO) did not and was thus unable to endogenously produce VIP. VIP KO mice had increased mortality compared to C57BL/6 mice at 4 weeks. The number of ulcers between both groups was not statistically significant. In vitro studies indicated that the presence VIP in high doses reduced MB49 cell growth, as well as macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), a growth factor in bladder cancer cells. These findings support the concept that VIP may attenuate susceptibility to death from bladder cancer, and that it exerts its effect via downregulation of MIF.