Decoding Scent-Marking Behaviour of Asiatic Lions in Gir Forest, Gujarat, India

Mohan Ram ^1* Aradhana Sahu ² Nityanand Srivastava ³ Prashant Mahajan ⁴ Sneha Baraiya ¹ Tanisha Dagur ¹ Lahar Jhala ¹

• ¹ Wildlife Division, Sasan-Gir, Junagadh, India
• ² Wildlife Circle, Junagadh, India
• ³ Chief Wildlife Warden, Gujarat State, Gandhinagar, India
• ⁴ Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

This study provides novel insights into the scent-marking behaviours of free-ranging Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica) in the dry deciduous forests of Western India, focusing on spatial and temporal patterns as well as the factors influencing the selection of scent-marking sites.Using camera traps, we identified that scent-marking and associated behaviours are is predominantly exhibited during crepuscular and nocturnal hours, with peaks at dawn and dusk. Seasonal variation was observed, with increased activity during winter, coinciding with the breeding period. Sniffling was the most frequent behaviour observed, followed by scratching and spraying. Adult males were more engaged in scent-marking these behaviours than females, likely due to territorial defence and reproductive strategies. Our analysis of tree characteristics revealed a preference for trees near forest tracks or trails, especially those with rough bark and aromatic properties, which may enhance the persistence and detection of scent marks. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of scent-marking behaviours in Asiatic lions. It lays the foundation for future research into individual scent-marking patterns using GPS-collaring and camera traps. Understanding these behaviours is important for the better conservation of this endangered species.