Valentina La Morgia
Maria Vittoria Mazzamuto
Tim Adriaens- 1Department for Environmental Monitoring and Protection and Biodiversity Conservation, Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Rome, Italy
- 2Haub School of Environment & Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
- 3Wildlife Management and Invasive Species, Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
Editorial on the Research Topic
Ecology, impact, and management of squirrel invasions
Worldwide, conservationists are faced with introductions of squirrel species of different geographic origins (Mazzamuto et al., 2021). The invasion of American grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) and their impact on Eurasian red squirrels (S. vulgaris) through multiple mechanisms represents a textbook example of biological invasions dominating the research literature (Figure 1A). However, numerous other established alien squirrels affect biodiversity, leading to declines in native species and economic damages (e.g. Bertolino and Lurz, 2013).
Figure 1 (A) Word cloud showing the relative importance of research topics related to squirrel invasions, (B) modeled change in the relative frequency of research categories since 2000 using a Dirichlet bayesian regression model, (C) detailed topics of the management literature. Based on a mapping of keywords (N = 1275) from 217 WoS papers on invasive squirrels since 2000 (Adriaens et al., 2023) using the classification of Stevenson et al. (2023).
Managing alien squirrel populations is often controversial and met with public opposition, therefore their removal necessitates knowledge on different management techniques and on the social-ecological network surrounding these invasions. The science of squirrels’ invasion reflects the complexity of the topic and has evolved over time (Adriaens et al., 2023). Initially strongly focusing on invasion mechanisms, the literature is now increasingly addressing species traits linked to invasiveness, interactions with other species, and management, policy and decision-making (Figure 1B). Several papers also deal with human dimensions. The management literature focuses mostly on techniques for population control, with an increased attention for developing alternative approaches such as fertility control (Figure 1C). Whereas prevention and eradication are crucial to conservation, they are relatively little documented. Habitat management and conservation paradoxes receive little attention, indicating a knowledge gap and a need for holistic approaches that consider ecosystem resilience and processes.
The growing awareness of biological invasions and associated developments in biosecurity legislation create a demand for evidence on effective methods for prevention, rapid response and control of established populations of invasive squirrels. This Research Topic aims to close some of that knowledge-doing gap (Esler et al., 2010). It includes original research papers, a perspective, and reviews, highlighting the multidisciplinary nature of this topic at the interface of ecology, modeling, and decision making. Two contributions focus on interventions for eradicating introduced squirrel species in Japan and the Netherlands. Tamura and Yasuda summarize papers and reports originally written in Japanese. They emphasize the need for tailored management approaches based on the ecology of the species, the landscape, and initial population density in a country with strong needs for endemic species conservation. Haye et al. report the successful eradication of a Pallas’s squirrel population in the Netherlands. The campaign shows similarities with an earlier Belgian eradication (Adriaens et al., 2015), yet required sterilization and rehoming of squirrels to gain public support. Both contributions illustrate the importance of science-based management and researcher involvement in achieving eradication success.
Modeling approaches can provide insights into appropriate control plans, their short- and long-term effects. Cost-effective methods for estimating densities and predicting the time and effort needed for successful management have been explored for grey squirrels in the UK. Camera-trap indices can determine the number of feeders or traps required, and reduce the need for expensive equipment (Beatham at al.). van der Waal and Mill highlight the challenge of predicting the time and effort required for successful management of invasive species and discuss the importance of data collection for quantifying population abundance during adaptive management operations. The contributions from Japan, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom also report the costs associated with the management actions. As response programs are often limited by available budgets, this information is of great value to invasive species managers in other countries.
Solving problems arising from non-native species invasions requires multidisciplinary approaches and public support. A systematic review of the red-grey squirrel paradigm by Wauters et al. reveals the complexity of mechanisms behind it, affected by landscape-level processes and multi-species interactions. The review highlights the strengths and weaknesses of different control strategies in European countries and emphasizes the importance of evidence-based communication to policy makers, stakeholders, and the public. Finally, the review on North American flying squirrels by Diggins demonstrates how neo-native species that expand their range through climate change and human induced environmental change can negatively impact recipient ecosystems through mechanisms similar to invasions.
Whilst clearly invasive squirrel research has developed to better inform the needs of managers and decision makers, some response programs remain little documented, such as the ones for Pallas’s squirrel in Argentina (Benitez et al., 2013) and France (Chapuis et al., 2014). In the global south, article processing charges represent a barrier to publication (pers. comm. L. Guichon; Smith et al., 2021). This could be addressed by dedicated funding from networks like INVASIVESNET (Lucy et al., 2016) or by applied Research Topics in mammal society journals with lower or no article processing charges. The management work in Europe, for instance in the Crau plain and Cap d’Antibes (France), once published, could be helpful to other managers who want to plan scientific follow-up.
Balancing the effectiveness and welfare implications of methods used in squirrel management is crucial. Acceptability is an important aspect of risk management (Booy et al., 2017; Robertson et al., 2021) and will often determine the feasibility of control campaigns, especially with alien squirrels that appeal to the wider public (La Morgia et al., 2017). A recent welfare assessment of various methods is available which includes squirrel species regulated by the EU IAS Regulation (Smith et al., 2022). Nevertheless, welfare science related to invasive squirrel management is rare and requires data on impacts on (non-)target species in different welfare domains (cf. De Ruyver et al., 2023). We anticipate this could be an exciting venue for future work in line with an increased traction for invasive squirrel management and a drive for management innovations. Lastly, proactive invasive species policies require an evidence base in horizon scanning and risk assessment (Peyton et al., 2020).
Author contributions
VLM: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. MVM: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. TA: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
Adriaens T., Baert K., Breyne P., Casaer J., Devisscher S., Onkelinx T., et al. (2015). Successful eradication of a suburban Pallas’s squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas 1779) (Rodentia, Sciuridae) population in Flanders (northern Belgium). Biol. Invasions 17, 2517–2526. doi: 10.1007/s10530-015-0898-z
Adriaens T., Mazzamuto M. V., La Morgia V. (2023). A mapping of keywords from published papers on alien squirrels to biological invasion research themes. Zenodo. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.8056673
Benitez V. V., Almada Chavez S., Gozzi A. C., Messetta M. L., Guichón M. L. (2013). Invasion status of Asiatic red-bellied squirrels in Argentina. Mamm. Biol. 78, 164–170. doi: 10.1016/j.mambio.2012.10.002
Bertolino S., Lurz P. W. W. (2013). Worldwide introductions of Callosciurus squirrels. Mamm. Rev. 43, 22–33. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00204.x
Booy O., Mill A. C., Roy H. E., Hiley A., Moore N., Robertson P., et al. (2017). Risk management to prioritise the eradication of new and emerging invasive non-native species. Biol. Invasions 19, 2401–2417. doi: 10.1007/s10530-017-1451-z
Chapuis J. L., Gerriet O., Pisanu B., Pauvert S. (2014) Plan national de lutte relatif à l’écureuil à ventre rouge (Callosciurus erythraeus) dans les Alpes-Maritimes: bilan et perspectives (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris: Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Nice, DREAL Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur). Available at: http://ecureuils.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/documents/plan_evr_bilan_2012-2014_et_perspectives_2015-2018.pdf (Accessed 25 Mar 2015).
De Ruyver C., Baert K., Cartuyvels E., Beernaert L., Tuyttens F., Leirs H., et al. (2023). Assessing animal welfare impact of fourteen control and dispatch methods for house mouse (Mus musculus), Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and black rat (Rattus rattus). An. Welfare 32, E2. doi: 10.1017/awf.2022.2
Esler K. J., Prozesky H., Sharma G. P., McGeoch M. (2010). How wide is the “knowing-doing” gap in invasion biology? Biol. Invasions 12, 4065–4075. doi: 10.1007/s10530-010-9812-x
La Morgia V., Paoloni D., Genovesi P. (2017). Eradicating the grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis from urban areas: an innovative decision-making approach based on lessons learnt in Italy. Pest Manage. Sci. 73, 354–363. doi: 10.1002/ps.4352
Lucy F. E., Roy H., Simpson A., Carlton J. T., Hanson J. M., Magellan K., et al. (2016). INVASIVESNET towards an international association for open knowledge on invasive alien species. Manage. Biol. Invasions 7, 131–139. doi: 10.3391/mbi.2016.7.2.01
Mazzamuto M. V., Wauters L. A., Koprowski J. L. (2021). Exotic pet trade as a cause of biological invasions: the case of tree squirrels of the Genus Callosciurus. Biology 10, 1046. doi: 10.3390/biology10101046
Peyton J. M., Martinou A. F., Adriaens T., Chartosia N., Karachle P. K., Rabitsch W., et al. (2020). Horizon scanning to predict and prioritize invasive alien species with the potential to threaten human health and economies on Cyprus. Front. Ecol. Evol. 8. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2020.566281
Robertson P. A., Mill A. C., Adriaens T., Moore N., Vanderhoeven S., Essl F., et al. (2021). Risk management assessment improves the cost-effectiveness of invasive species prioritisation. Biology 10, 1320. doi: 10.3390/biology10121320
Smith A. C., Merz L., Borden J. B., Gulick C. K., Kshirsagar A. R., Bruna E. M. (2021). Assessing the effect of article processing charges on the geographic diversity of authors using Elsevier’s “Mirror Journal” system. Quant. Sci. Stud. 2, 1123–1143. doi: 10.1162/qss_a_00157
Smith K. G., Nunes A. L., Aegerter J., Baker S. E., Di Silvestre I., Ferreira C. C., et al. (2022) A manual for the management of vertebrate invasive alien species of Union concern, incorporating animal welfare. Available at: https://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/easin/Document/Final-deliverables-humane/Manual_management_vertebrate_IAS_incl_welfare_medres.pdf.
Keywords: conservation, invasive species, Rodentia, risk, management, Sciuridae
Citation: La Morgia V, Mazzamuto MV and Adriaens T (2023) Editorial: Ecology, impact, and management of squirrel invasions. Front. Ecol. Evol. 11:1253922. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1253922
Received: 06 July 2023; Accepted: 31 July 2023;
Published: 11 August 2023.
Edited and Reviewed by:
Pascual López-López, University of Valencia, SpainCopyright © 2023 La Morgia, Mazzamuto and Adriaens. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Valentina La Morgia, dmFsZW50aW5hLmxhbW9yZ2lhQGlzcHJhbWJpZW50ZS5pdA==