AUTHOR=Sellers William Irvin , Cross Charlotte Francesca , Fukuhara Akira , Ishiguro Akio , Hirasaki Eishi TITLE=Producing non-steady-state gaits (starting, stopping, and turning) in a biologically realistic quadrupedal simulation JOURNAL=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution VOLUME=10 YEAR=2022 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.954838 DOI=10.3389/fevo.2022.954838 ISSN=2296-701X ABSTRACT=

Multibody dynamic analysis (MDA) has become part of the standard toolkit used to reconstruct the biomechanics of extinct animals. However, its use is currently almost exclusively limited to steady state activities such as walking and running at constant velocity. If we want to reconstruct the full range of activities that a given morphology can achieve then we must be able to reconstruct non-steady-state activities such as starting, stopping, and turning. In this paper we demonstrate how we can borrow techniques from the robotics literature to produce gait controllers that allow us to generate non-steady-state gaits in a biologically realistic quadrupedal simulation of a chimpanzee. We use a novel proportional-derivative (PD) reach controller that can accommodate both the non-linear contraction dynamics of Hill-type muscles and the large numbers of both single-joint and two-joint muscles to allow us to define the trajectory of the distal limb segment. With defined autopodial trajectories we can then use tegotae style locomotor controllers that use decentralized reaction force feedback to control the trajectory speed in order to produce quadrupedal gait. This combination of controllers can generate starting, stopping, and turning kinematics, something that we believe has never before been achieved in a simulation that uses both physiologically realistic muscles and a high level of anatomical fidelity. The gait quality is currently relatively low compared to the more commonly used feedforward control methods, but this can almost certainly be improved in future by using more biologically based foot trajectories and increasing the complexity of the underlying model and controllers. Understanding these more complex gaits is essential, particularly in fields such as paleoanthropology where the transition from an ancestral hominoid with a diversified repertoire to a bipedal hominin is of such fundamental importance, and this approach illustrates one possible avenue for further research in this area.