AUTHOR=Russo Romina M. , Liendo Maria C. , Landi Lucas , Pietronave Hernán , Merke Julieta , Fain Hernán , Muntaabski Irina , Palacio Maria A. , Rodríguez Graciela A. , Lanzavecchia Silvia B. , Scannapieco Alejandra C. 

TITLE=Grooming Behavior in Naturally Varroa-Resistant Apis mellifera Colonies From North-Central Argentina

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

VOLUME=8

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2020.590281

DOI=10.3389/fevo.2020.590281

ISSN=2296-701X

ABSTRACT=<p>The Western honey bee, <italic>Apis mellifera</italic>, is an important species in providing honey and pollination services globally. The mite <italic>Varroa destructor</italic> is the major threat to <italic>A. mellifera</italic>, and it is associated with the severe colony winter mortality reported in recent decades. However, <italic>Varroa</italic> mite tolerant or resistant populations of <italic>A. mellifera</italic> have been detected around the world. A proposed mechanism responsible for limiting mite population growth in the colonies is grooming behavior, the physical removal and injury of mites from the adult bee bodies by individual workers or by their nest-mates. This behavioral strategy has been poorly studied in <italic>V. destructor-</italic>resistant colonies worldwide, especially in honey bee populations of European origin. In Argentina, honey bee stocks showing survival without mite treatment have been reported. In the present study, European-derived <italic>A. mellifera</italic> populations established in the Transition Chaco eco-region (Santa Fe province), with a subtropical climate, were characterized at the colony level. A honey bee stock showing natural <italic>Varroa</italic>-resistance (M) was compared to a <italic>Varroa</italic>-susceptible stock (C) for parameters of colony status (colony strength, percentage of <italic>Varroa</italic> infestation in adults and brood, hygienic behavior) and for indirect measures of grooming (percentage of fallen mites and damaged mites). M colonies showed lower phoretic and brood infestation and higher hygienic behavior in early autumn, and higher survival and population strength after wintering, in comparison with C colonies. The mean percentages of fallen mites and of damaged mites, and the injury to mites were higher in M than in C colonies. Our results suggest that, by modulating the parasitization dynamics in colonies, grooming behavior would be associated with the higher survival of <italic>Varroa</italic>-resistant stock. This study sheds light on how honey bee colonies can adaptively respond to mite pressure by modeling their behavior to resist Varroosis and provides evidence for grooming as an emerging factor evolving by natural selection. Percentage of damaged mites appears to be a reliable measure to enhance this behavior in honey bee colonies by selective breeding. Finally, the importance of improving and protecting locally adapted honey bee populations with natural <italic>Varroa</italic> resistance for regional apiculture is discussed.</p>