AUTHOR=Gow Elizabeth A. , Knight Samantha M. , Bradley David W. , Clark Robert G. , Winkler David W. , Bélisle Marc , Berzins Lisha L. , Blake Tricia , Bridge Eli S. , Burke Lauren , Dawson Russell D. , Dunn Peter O. , Garant Dany , Holroyd Geoff , Horn Andrew G. , Hussell David J. T. , Lansdorp Olga , Laughlin Andrew J. , Leonard Marty L. , Pelletier Fanie , Shutler Dave , Siefferman Lynn , Taylor Caz M. , Trefry Helen , Vleck Carol M. , Vleck David , Whittingham Linda A. , Norris D. Ryan TITLE=Effects of Spring Migration Distance on Tree Swallow Reproductive Success Within and Among Flyways JOURNAL=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution VOLUME=7 YEAR=2019 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2019.00380 DOI=10.3389/fevo.2019.00380 ISSN=2296-701X ABSTRACT=

During migration, animals may experience high rates of mortality, but costs of migration could also be manifested through non-lethal carry-over effects that influence individual success in subsequent periods of the annual cycle. Using tracking data collected from light-level geolocators, we estimated total spring migration distance (from the last wintering sites to breeding sites) of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) within three major North American flyways. Using path analysis, we then assessed direct and indirect effects of spring migration distance on reproductive performance of individuals of both sexes. When these data were standardized by flyway, females fledged 1.3 fewer young for every 1,017 km they traveled, whereas there was no effect of migration distance on reproductive success in males. In comparison, when these data were standardized across all individuals and not by flyway, longer migrations were associated with 0.74 more young fledged for every 1,017 km traveled by females and 0.26 more young fledged for every 1,186 km migrated by males. Our results suggest that migration distance carries over to negatively influence female reproductive success within flyways but the overall positive effect of migration distance across flyways likely reflects broader life-history differences that occur among breeding populations across the tree swallow range.