AUTHOR=Shaffer L. Jen , Khadka Kapil K. , Van Den Hoek Jamon , Naithani Kusum J. TITLE=Human-Elephant Conflict: A Review of Current Management Strategies and Future Directions JOURNAL=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution VOLUME=6 YEAR=2019 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00235 DOI=10.3389/fevo.2018.00235 ISSN=2296-701X ABSTRACT=

Human-elephant conflict is a major conservation concern in elephant range countries. A variety of management strategies have been developed and are practiced at different scales for preventing and mitigating human-elephant conflict. However, human-elephant conflict remains pervasive as the majority of existing prevention strategies are driven by site-specific factors that only offer short-term solutions, while mitigation strategies frequently transfer conflict risk from one place to another. Here, we review current human-elephant conflict management strategies and describe an interdisciplinary conceptual approach to manage species coexistence over the long-term. Our proposed model identifies shared resource use between humans and elephants at different spatial and temporal scales for development of long-term solutions. The model also highlights the importance of including anthropological and geographical knowledge to find sustainable solutions to managing human-elephant conflict.