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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Earth Sci.
Sec. Geohazards and Georisks
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/feart.2025.1573442
Study on settlement rule and time effect of surrounding rock in diversion tunnel
Provisionally accepted
Xuewei Tong 1
Wenjia Ma 2* Haining Liu 2 Kai Huang 3 Kunkun Su 3 Changxu Yue 4 Tianyi Wang 2 Jianzhong Yuan 4- 1 River and Lake Protection Center of the Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing, China
- 2 North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
- 3 Henan Haihe River Basin Water Conservancy Affairs Center, Xinxiang, China
- 4 Henan Province Water Conservancy Second Engineering Bureau Group Co.,, Zhengzhou, China
Currently, challenges such as water gushing, rock bursts, and large deformations persist during diversion tunnel excavation, necessitating the study of surrounding rock stability post-excavation. This paper focuses on the No.1 tunnel of the Xiaolangdi North Bank Irrigation Area project. The settlement of the surface and vault was monitored on site, and a three-dimensional tunnel model was established by FLAC 3D to analyze the displacement evolution law of the key monitoring sections of the surface and vault. Finally, the formula of time effect between surface and vault settlement of tunnel 1# is deduced and verified. Results show: (1) Settlements increase sharply early on, slow later, and stabilize, with arch roof settlement exceeding surface settlement; (2) The arch settlement is generally 2-3 times greater than the surface settlement, both following similar trends in FLAC 3D simulations; (3) The monitoring data were slightly smaller than the simulation data, with the arch roof settlement error ranging from 0.09 mm to 0.72 mm, and surface settlement errors from 0.5 to 3.71 mm; (4) The error rate between the results obtained from the deduced formula and the actual monitoring is between 0.62% and 9.39%, with a surface settlement warning threshold of 10 mm to ensure safe excavation. The spatio-temporal correlation model can provide quantitative reference for monitoring scheme optimization and disaster warning of similar projects.
Keywords: Diversion tunnel, time effect, numerical simulation, Field monitoring, settlement
Received: 09 Feb 2025; Accepted: 02 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Tong, Ma, Liu, Huang, Su, Yue, Wang and Yuan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Wenjia Ma, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
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