Sergey Gorbarenko ^1* Xuefa Shi ² Yanguang Liu ^2* Aleksandr Bosin ¹ Yuriy Vasilenko ¹ Antonina Artemova ¹ Elena Yanchenko ¹ Jianjun Zou ² Zhengquan Yao ² Ivan Kirichenko ³

• ¹ V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute (RAS), Vladivostok, Russia
• ² First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
• ³ V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy (RAS), Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia

Numerous studies, spanning experimental, instrumental, historical, and modeled approaches, have delved into understanding climate change across the Holocene era and millennial-scale occurrences. However, the chronology and causes of centennial-scale climate events during the Holocene remain controversial. Herein, we overview 10 best resolved and accurately dated records detailing climate change in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) over the Holocene obtained by different proxies from different climatic zones and constructed a stack of temperature changes in the NH. Based on the constructed stack, we identify and categorize 15 notable Holocene centennial cooling events in the NH (HCCEs, period with temperature decreases).To test the chronological validity of the constructed HCCEs, we compared them with the most accurately dated and highly resolved climate records during the last 3 kyr best investigated by the scientific community. Based on the close alignment of outlined HCCEs with temperature records, we suggest that other HCCEs also match centennial climate cooling over the last 10 kyr. To understand the origins of established HCCEs, we compared them with potential climate-influencing factors: the Total Solar Irradiation (TSI), explosive volcanic activity, AMOC limited slowdown, Intertropical Convergence Zone fluctuations, and ENSO variability.Early Holocene HCCE 5, terminated by prominent 8.2 ka cold event was, likely, driven by superposition of the AMOC limited slowdown, TSI minimum and volcanic activation. The HTM happened between the HCCE 5 and 4a was interrupted by HCCE 4c and 4b coeval with significant southward shift of the ITCZ, likely, related to cooling in the tropical. However, the sequence of HCCE 3b, 3a,, accompanied by small changes in TSI, were likely forced by an increase in ENSO variability, leading to remarkable changes in the tropical processes and southward shift of the ITCZ, coeval with the collapse of the Chinese Neolithic cultures and onset of the Holocene Neoglacial. Subsequent HCCE 2a-0a were likely forced by the TSI minimum combined with the role of ENSO and volcanism at the last 2 ka.