AUTHOR=Hou Jue , Zhao Lun , Zhao Wenqi , Feng Zhao , Wang Xueke , Zeng Xing 

TITLE=Evaluation of pore-throat structures of carbonate reservoirs based on petrophysical facies division

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Earth Science

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2023.1164751

DOI=10.3389/feart.2023.1164751

ISSN=2296-6463

ABSTRACT=<p>After complex geological transformation, such as sedimentation, diagenesis, and tectonic transformation, carbonate reservoirs have developed multiple reservoir spaces with significant heterogeneity and various pore-throat structures, including pores, vugs, and fractures. Due to these characteristics, many problems have been caused during the development of carbonate reservoirs, such as large differences between the initial production capacities of single wells and serious water channeling after injection, which have brought many challenges to the efficient development of carbonate reservoirs. Therefore, based on a reservoir evaluation method of petrophysical facies, this study classified and evaluated the pore-throat structures of Carboniferous carbonate reservoirs in the North Truwa oilfield of the Pre-Caspian Basin. Based on the data of the core, thin section, scanning electron microscope, high-pressure mercury injection, sedimentary facies, diagenetic facies, and the development of fractures and karst vugs, six reservoir petrophysical facies in the study area were classified and named, including the facies of favorable sedimentation-constructive diagenesis-fracture and vug, the facies of favorable sedimentation-constructive diagenesis-non-fracture or vug, the facies of favorable sedimentation-destructive diagenesis-fracture and vug, the facies of favorable sedimentation-destructive diagenesis-non-fracture or vug, the facies of unfavorable sedimentation-constructive diagenesis-non-fracture or vug, and the facies of unfavorable sedimentation-destructive diagenesis-non-fracture or vug. The recognition and division of diagenetic facies were based on the K-nearest neighbor. Four quantitative parameters were also selected to characterize the pore-throat structures, including displacement pressure (<inline-formula id="inf1"><mml:math id="m1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>), mercury removal efficiency (<inline-formula id="inf2"><mml:math id="m2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>E</mml:mi><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>), median throat radius (<inline-formula id="inf3"><mml:math id="m3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mn>50</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>), and sorting coefficient (<inline-formula id="inf4"><mml:math id="m4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>). Based on the principal component analysis, the classification and evaluation standards of pore-throat structures in different petrophysical facies were established. Combined with the flow profile measured by production logging tools, the relationship between different petrophysical facies and productions was also revealed. As a result, this study can provide suggestions for the adjustment strategy of water-driven production, which lays an important foundation for the fine development of carbonate reservoirs.</p>