AUTHOR=Wang Jingsong , Zhao Liang , Xiao Ziniu , Zhang Peng , Ren Zhipeng , Zong Weiguo , Qi Jin , Huang Cong , Xu Ying , Lu Yixiong 

TITLE=Energy transmission processes in the effectuation chain of solar forcing to the terrestrial atmosphere—a review

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Earth Science

VOLUME=Volume 11 - 2023

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2023.1164636

DOI=10.3389/feart.2023.1164636

ISSN=2296-6463

ABSTRACT=The Sun has an obvious quasi-11-year cycle and numerous short-term eruptive activities. From the aspect of energy, there are four processes of energy transmission in the effectuation chain of solar forcing to the climate system: the solar energy input to the atmosphere, the atmospheric absorption to the input energy, the transformation of the absorbed energy to dynamic and thermodynamic responses in the atmosphere, and the coupling among all the layers affected by solar forcings. However, the four processes have not been discussed in their entirety. In this present paper, studies in recent decade on how the solar radiation varies during the solar cycle as well as the eruptions, and correspondingly how the terrestrial atmosphere absorbs the input solar energy are reviewed.