AUTHOR=Toffolo Luca , Tumiati Simone , Villa Alberto , Fumagalli Patrizia , Amalfa Andrea , Miozzi Francesca 

TITLE=Experimental dissolution of carbonaceous materials in water at 1 GPa and 550°C: Assessing the role of carbon forms and redox state on COH fluid production and composition during forearc subduction of organic matter

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Earth Science

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2023.1013014

DOI=10.3389/feart.2023.1013014

ISSN=2296-6463

ABSTRACT=<p>Biogenic carbonaceous material (CM) is the main carrier of organic carbon in the subduction zone and contributes to COH fluid production and volcanic arc gaseous emissions. Here we investigated the effect of the structural, textural and chemical heterogeneity of CM on its reactivity and redox dissolution by conducting short-lived (1 h) experiments, where synthetic analogues of CM [ordered graphite, graphite oxide (GO), mesoporous carbon (MC), Vulcan® carbon (VC) and glass-like carbon (GC)], are reacted with water at <italic>p</italic> = 1GPa and T = 550°C–conditions typical of a warm forearc subduction–and fO<sub>2</sub> buffered from ▵FMQ ≈ +4 to −7. We show that the amount of dissolved CM (CM<sub>dissolved</sub>) and the proportion of volatile carbon species (C<sub>volatile</sub>) in the fluid is related both to the structure and the peculiar surficial properties of the carbon forms, such as carbon <italic>sp</italic><sup>2</sup>-and <italic>sp</italic><sup>3</sup>-hybridization, amount of oxygen heteroatoms, presence of oxygenated functional groups (OFGs) and of active sites. MC and graphite (C(<italic>sp</italic><sup>2</sup>) &gt; 94 at%, O &lt; 1 at%, OFGs &lt; 2.2 at %, high proportion of active sites) are relatively inert (CM<sub>dissolved</sub> &lt; 0.4 mol%) but the former reacts more extensively at extreme redox conditions (producing CO<sub>2</sub> + CO and CO<sub>2</sub> + CH<sub>4</sub> C<sub>volatile</sub> mixtures at ▵FMQ ≈ +4 and −7, respectively), while the latter has a maximum of C<sub>volatile</sub> production (CO<sub>2</sub> + CH<sub>4</sub>) at ▵FMQ ≈ 0, which is not observed in a 10-day long run; partly-ordered GO (C(<italic>sp</italic><sup>3</sup>) ∼ 92 at%, O ∼31 at%, OFGs ∼41 at%) is the most reactive material at all redox conditions (CM<sub>dissolved</sub> &lt; 2.6 mol%) and produces CO<sub>2</sub> as the dominant C<sub>volatile</sub> species; disordered GC, and VC (C(<italic>sp</italic><sup>3</sup>) &lt; 18 at%, O &lt; 8 at%, OFGs &lt; 30 at%) are more reactive at ▵FMQ ≈ +4 (CM<sub>dissolved</sub> ∼ 1mol%) and ▵FMQ ≈ −7 (CM<sub>dissolved</sub> &lt; 1 mol%), where C<sub>volatile</sub> is dominantly CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>, respectively. Besides the significant deviations from thermodynamically predicted graphite-saturated COH fluid composition and speciation, our results suggests that: 1) immature CM [disordered, rich in C(<italic>sp</italic><sup>3</sup>), O, OFGs] is preferentially dissolved under high fluid fluxes and may buffer fluids to rather oxidizing conditions; 2) a descending flux of oxygen (and hydrogen) bond to CM may exist.</p>