AUTHOR=Arias Paola A. , Garreaud René , Poveda Germán , Espinoza Jhan Carlo , Molina-Carpio Jorge , Masiokas Mariano , Viale Maximiliano , Scaff Lucia , van Oevelen Peter J. TITLE=Hydroclimate of the Andes Part II: Hydroclimate Variability and Sub-Continental Patterns JOURNAL=Frontiers in Earth Science VOLUME=8 YEAR=2021 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2020.505467 DOI=10.3389/feart.2020.505467 ISSN=2296-6463 ABSTRACT=

This paper provides an updated review of the most relevant scientific literature related to the hydroclimate of the Andes. The Andes, the longest cordillera in the world, faces major challenges regarding climate variability and climate change, which impose several threats to sustainable development, including water supply and the sustainability of ecosystem services. This review focuses on hydroclimate variability of the Andes at a sub-continental scale. The annual water cycle and long-term water balance along the Andes are addressed first, followed by the examination of the effects of orography on convective and frontal precipitation through the study of precipitation gradients in the tropical, subtropical and extratropical Andes. In addition, a review is presented of the current scientific literature on the climate variability in the Andes at different timescales. Finally, open research questions are presented in the last section of this article.