AUTHOR=Rippin Gerd , Sanz Héctor 

TITLE=External comparator studies and the joint application of the estimand and target trial emulation frameworks

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Drug Safety and Regulation

VOLUME=4

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/drug-safety-and-regulation/articles/10.3389/fdsfr.2024.1409102

DOI=10.3389/fdsfr.2024.1409102

ISSN=2674-0869

ABSTRACT=<p>The estimand framework (EF) and the target trial emulation framework (TTEF) are two important frameworks that can inform the design and analysis of external comparator (EC) studies. The EF helps clarifying the quantity to be estimated (the “estimand”), especially regarding the handling of post-baseline intercurrent events which interfere with the existence or interpretation of endpoints. Similarly, the TTEF is instrumental for specifying key design components of a hypothetical randomized trial and identifying which of these an EC study can and cannot emulate. We offer considerations about the joint application of both frameworks by combining the five EF attributes— <italic>treatment, population, endpoint, intercurrent events,</italic> and <italic>population-level summary</italic>—with the seven TTEF components— <italic>eligibility criteria</italic>, <italic>treatment strategies</italic>, <italic>assignment procedures</italic>, <italic>follow-up period</italic>, <italic>outcomes</italic>, <italic>causal contrasts</italic>, and <italic>data analysis plan.</italic> Any overlap is identified, as well as omissions and unique contributions from both frameworks. Furthermore, we highlight specific considerations when applying these joint elements to EC studies.</p>