Paulina Smoła ¹ Iwona Młozniak ¹ Monika Wojcieszko ¹ Urszula Zwierczyk ¹ Mateusz Kobryn ¹ Elżbieta Rzepecka ² Mariusz Duplaga ^1,3*

• ¹ Department of Health Promotion and e-Health, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
• ² Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
• ³ Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

Background: The growth of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic solutions in healthcare is accompanied by high expectations for improved efficiency and quality of services. However, the use of such technologies can be a source of anxiety for patients whose expectations and experiences with such technology differ from medical staff’s. This study assessed attitudes toward AI and robots in delivering health services and performing various tasks in medicine and related fields in Polish society. Methods: 50 semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with participants of diversified socio-demographic profiles. The interviewees were initially recruited for the interviews in a convenience sample; then, the process was continued using the snowballing technique. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2022 program (release 22.7.0). An interpretative approach to qualitative content analysis was applied to the responses to the research questions. Results: The analysis of interviews yielded three main themes: positive and negative perceptions of the use of AI and robots in healthcare and ontological concerns about AI, which went beyond objections about the usefulness of the technology. Positive attitudes toward AI and robots were associated with overall higher trust in technology, the need to adequately respond to demographic challenges, and the conviction that AI and robots can lower the workload of medical personnel. Negative attitudes originated from convictions regarding unreliability and the lack of proper technological and political control over AI; an equally important topic was the inability of artificial entities to feel and express emotions. The third theme was that the potential interaction with machines equipped with human-like traits was a source of insecurity. Conclusions: The study showed that patients’ attitudes toward AI and robots in healthcare vary according to their trust in technology, their recognition of urgent problems in healthcare (staff workload, time of diagnosis), and their beliefs regarding the reliability and functioning of new technologies. Emotional concerns about contact with artificial entities looking or performing like humans are also important to respondents’ attitudes.