Toshiyo Tamura ^*

• Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

In recent years, we have faced various social challenges, such as climate change, declining birth rates, aging populations, and population decline. As COVID-19 cause major changes in the way we work and live, "well-being" is attracting attention as a criterion for "how to change".Although no single definition of well-being has been established, the WHO defines well-being as "Health is not the absence of disease or infirmity, but rather a state of physical, mental, and social well-being. Well-being includes quality of life and the ability of individuals and societies to contribute to the world with a sense of meaning and purpose [1].We are conducting research and development aimed at realizing a well-being Information Society where all "people" can enjoy both physical and mental/spiritual health in a world in which the digital and real worlds will continue to merge. Improving well-being through connected health means using technology to improve health management and promote overall wellness. Connected health includes remote monitoring, telemedicine, personal health data, chronic disease management, behavioral health support, etc.By integrating these connected health strategies into daily life, individuals can benefit from more proactive, personalized, and efficient healthcare, ultimately enhancing their overall well-being.In this challenge, we will present our efforts in realizing well-being from different perspectives, including as people and society, and physical, mental, and spiritual health. A basic element of well-being is physical well-being. It is important to be healthy and to maintain good physical and mental health, and on this basis, values (symbiosis, empathy, sustainability, happiness, and prosperity) that enhance an individual's quality of life (QOL) will spread. However, humanity is currently experiencing a pandemic of a new type of coronavirus infection and the situation can be said to be one in which physical and mental well-being has been significantly reduced worldwide.Physical well-being is a basic element of wellness. It is believed that it is important to maintain good physical and mental health, and that good health can serve as a basis for cultivating values (symbiosis, empathy, sustainability, happiness, and prosperity) that enhance one's quality of life. The medical field is currently undergoing a paradigm shift from symptomatic therapy, which seeks cure after illness, to a world of care aimed at preventing illness in the first place (preventive medicine).An important perspective on well-being is behavior change, and the EU has been looking for effective behavior change for many years. In particular, behavior change technologies facilitated by wearable and Internet of Things devices are the domain of engineering and computer science. A particular focus is placed on a case study that examines the application of behavior change techniques to vital signs monitoring using wearables, underscoring the relevance and urgency of further research in this critical intersection of technology and human behavior [2]. The findings shed light on the promising role of wearables and IoT devices, hereinafter referred as connected health devices, in promoting positive behavior change and improving the overall well-being of individuals, and highlight the need for continued research and development in this area to realize the full potential of the technology for societal benefit. Connected health can support both physical and mental health through applications that offer therapy exercises [3,4], mood tracking [5][6][7], and stress management techniques [8,9]. Virtual support groups and counseling services can also play a role. Iin addition, connected health systems can aggregate and analyze personal health data, providing insights tailored to an individual's specific needs. This personalized approach can improve the effectiveness of treatments and lifestyle changes. Many connected health tools offer the ability to set health goals and track progress, which can help individuals stay motivated and make positive lifestyle changes These researches emphasize the key advantages of connected health devices for promoting behavior change, including their ability to provide personalized feedback, facilitate self-monitoring, incorporate gamification element. These features make the behavior change process more enjoyable, improve individuals' ability to their goals, and bring up a sense of community life and accountability.Gamification for elderly care has shown promise in influencing intentions to use new technologybased solutions [10]. Sestino and, D'Angelo found that the gamification-based digital therapeutics positively affected the elderly's intention to use, and this effect increased in magnitude as the elderly participants' socialization-seeking tendency increased, revealing the importance of socializationoriented strategies in stimulating the elderly's positive responses to technological tools.In addition, connected health management is also working to realize "bio-digital twin technology," which enables the collection of a wide variety and large amount of bio-data from everyday life, modeling human physiological functions, and simulating future predictions that capture the characteristics of each individual.Sensor-based digital twins can assist sensors and connected health devices in automatically performing their monitoring tasks from the smart environment [11]. Adibi et al. investigated the integration of smart environments with sensor technologies, digital health capabilities, and location-based services, focusing on their impact on healthcare goals and outcomes. By analyzing the digital twin applications, they found that the sensor-based digital twins were a potential need to improve healthcare delivery and patient well-being.As mentioned earlier, the medical field is undergoing a paradigm shift from symptomatic treatment to disease prevention (preventive medicine). The use of advanced bio-information processing technology based on the digital mapping of an individual's bio-information will lead to well-being by avoiding unknown disease risks in advance, preventing disease by naturally inducing healthy behaviors, and supporting independent living in one's own way. For example, connected healthbased EHRs with machine learning technology to automate real-time patient-centered records more securely for authorized participants. Predictive healthcare systems are needed for private and public healthcare delivery to predict early diagnosis. Data is collected, and machine learning algorithms determine the condition and further trigger the criticality (abnormality) in health status Such a system aims to improve health prediction in institutional homes for the overall well-being of participants On the other hand, during social reforms such as the promotion of remote working, there are reports of increased physical and mental stress caused by working in environments other than the workplace. There is also concern that reduced physical activity and more relaxed lifestyles may lead to the onset or worsening of lifestyle-related diseases. Maintaining good health often requires "persistence" and "effort" to discipline behavior and establish regular lifestyle habits. By accumulating biosensing data on daily activities and analyzing the characteristics of lifestyle habits (diet, exercise and sleep), which are the basic elements of well-being, on a time axis, a method has been acquired to reveal the biorhythmic characteristics of individuals. Combining this with knowledge from human behavioral psychology and behavioral economics, it is important to establish a mechanism to automatically regulate the rhythms of body and mind by presenting and indexing evidence of spontaneous and effortless changes in healthy behavior and developing feedback methods.The body clock that generates the human circadian rhythm is regulated by the input of external light and other information to a specific region of the brain (the suprachiasmatic nucleus). Recent studies have shown that understanding circadian rhythms and eating the right foods at the right time can lead to a healthier diet. In other words, by incorporating a diet that takes into account the body's internal clock into daily life, it should be easy to develop a healthy lifestyle. Chrononutrition has mainly been tested on nocturnal animals such as mice. Evidence is accumulating on the relationship between human circadian rhythms and healthy eating habits [13,14]. Social isolation has become a major issue due to the transformation of communities as a result of population decline. The quality of life of older people, especially those who are more socially isolated, needs to be improved.How connected health can be used to address the issue of social isolation and improve social wellbeing, and the effectiveness of interventions based on its use, can be explored.Engaging older adults at the community level can provide technology-based interventions to address social isolation and promote effective practices to increase digital use self-efficacy in the mobility, infrastructure, and environment of the population [15,16].Connected health improves social well-being by using technology to enhance social interactions, support mental health, and foster community connections. Connected health improves the use of video calls and online consultations to make healthcare more accessible, especially for those who have mobility issues or live in remote areas [12,17]. This can improve access to mental health support and reduce social isolation.Healthcare platforms that connect people with similar health conditions or concerns can provide emotional support and practical advice. These groups can also encourage a sense of community and belonging.Connected Health creates or joins online communities focused on health and wellness where members can share experiences, tips and encouragement.In addition, connected health devices provide an understanding of individual health behaviors and deliver tailored interventions or reminders that encourage social engagement and self-care. Also, develop personalized health plans that incorporate social activities or community engagement as part of the overall wellness strategy.Mobile technology-based applications not only help families stay connected, but also connect older adults to health care resources and promote physical and mental health. The use of technology devices will address cognitive, visual, and auditory needs and increase older adults' digital use selfefficacy. We recommend that loneliness interventions be technology-agnostic and multifaceted, providing a wide range of tools that recognize older adults' technological competencies and support different types of interactions to meet individual preferences. Future connected health studies should explore the practical implications of these technologies in real-world scenarios, which are evaluating their effectiveness in different settings such as healthcare, sports rehabilitation, and daily wellness monitoring.As the technology continues to evolve, it is important to further research and understand the effectiveness and long-term impact of these behavior change techniques facilitated by connected health devices. Through the development of new novel connected devices, as well as the algorithms that prevent and predict disease in the field of behavior change interventions, we can strive to improve the physical and mental health condition and quality of life of individuals.From this perspective, the potential of connected health is summarized as a growing area of research in healthcare. These developments present a great opportunity for healthcare systems to proactively predict health problems and diagnose, treat, and monitor patients both in and out of the hospital. As the adoption of technology-enabled healthcare services increases to enable healthcare systems to deliver flexible care models, an increasing number of traditional healthcare practices will be augmented or replaced by connected health devices. However, the implementation of connected health devices in healthcare will depend on a clear and robust code of practice for data management, privacy, confidentiality, and cybersecurity related to the supply and use of connected health devices in healthcare. There are still important gaps that need to be addressed in future research related to the connected health technology itself, the healthcare system, and the users of connected health technology. Specifically, future research on connected health technology needs to address how connected health devices can be designed with standardized protocols and interoperability with international and cross-state health care systems. Further research is also needed on the efficiency of blockchain storage compared to centralized, cloud-based storage solutions in the context of connected health care. Finally, consumer and clinician acceptance and digital literacy in the context of using the connected health devices to improve health care delivery and overall experience also needs to be determined. We believe that addressing these areas for future research will go a long way toward enabling broader adoption of the connected health, which can ultimately save healthcare dollars and improve patient-centered care. While well-being research has been actively discussed mainly in the fields of psychology and sociology, there has been little research on the design of information and communication technologies for well-being. However, with the development of wearable devices and contactless device technology, many devices have emerged that can measure daily behaviors without burdening the person being measured. In the future, it will be necessary to design information and communication technologies that have a positive impact on the well-being of individuals and society, while addressing the research challenges.