Ina Kaleva1,2,†
Simon Riches2,3,4*†
- 1Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- 2South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- 3Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- 4Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Introduction
Although traditional relaxation practices, such as mindfulness, meditation, and yoga, can be effective to increase positive wellbeing and reduce stress, individuals display inconsistent adherence to these activities because they can be time-consuming and difficult to sustain (1–4). These adherence issues emphasise the need for novel, accessible relaxation and stress-reduction interventions to support positive mental health. Within the growing digital mental health and health-tech research, there is increasing evidence of the health and wellbeing benefits of social media use and technology-mediated interventions (5, 6). The aim of the present article is to describe how two recent, popular technological developments, virtual reality (VR) relaxation and autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) online videos, can be combined to provide enhanced relaxation and wellbeing interventions suitable for busy, modern lives. VR-based ASMR interventions can be especially accessible to active social media users, such as younger people (7); however, VR-based ASMR has the potential to be enjoyed by people of all ages and all levels of competence with technology.
Virtual reality relaxation and autonomous sensory meridian response
VR relaxation shows promising results to support positive wellbeing in both the general population and clinical samples (8, 9). It primarily involves users viewing calming nature scenes, such as beaches, mountains, and forests, using a head-mounted display that provides audio and visuals in a three-dimensional format. In contrast to traditional, cognitively taxing relaxation practices that can involve memory and imagination, VR immerses users in vivid and realistic imagery and sound in a convenient and accessible way (10). ASMR, on the other hand, is a pleasant tingling body sensation and feeling of wellness in response to visual and audio stimuli, known as “triggers”, and it has been largely associated with online videos. Popular videos dedicated to inducing ASMR include common audio triggers, such as whispering, mouth sounds, fingernail tapping, brushing, scratching, nature, and water sounds, as well as visual triggers, such as gentle hand movements, simulated face touching, eye contact, and close-up camera proximity. ASMR videos have a similar function to VR, by offering immersive stimuli that induce real feelings and bodily sensations, which create the experience of “being there” inside the virtual or video environment. Since immersion is so key to their impact, the next step in the development of these technologies is to combine VR and ASMR. VR-based ASMR has the potential to be more immersive than VR alone or two-dimensional (2D) screen ASMR while providing a powerful combination of immersive audio-visual stimulation.
ASMR videos have become an online phenomenon on YouTube and TikTok, attracting millions of viewers and subscribers. A popular type of ASMR video is personal attention roleplay, in which the focus is on the viewer, with such videos reaching nearly 50 million views on YouTube. In personal attention roleplay, ASMR content creators (“ASMRtists”) often role-play make-up artists brushing viewers’ faces, hairdressers carrying out scalp massages, or physicians performing medical examinations (often eye, ear, or cranial nerve). Personal attention ASMR videos often have clear and emphasised visual triggers (e.g., eye contact and gentle hand movements) and whispered positive affirmations and comfort. Some viewers prefer “no talking” videos, consisting only of triggers like mouth sounds, blowing, crinkling, scratching, brushing, and tapping. Popular YouTube channels of ASMRtists are approaching 21 million subscribers. Some of the most popular videos of all time include eating (known as “Mukbang”) (11), medical examinations (12), haircutting and whispering (13), mouth sounds (14), and scratching and tapping (15). A YouTube search by authors in March 2023 showed that the most viewed ASMR video on YouTube, with over 437 million streams, is a Mukbang video of eating sweets and desserts (16). Popular TikTok accounts are approaching six million followers. A TikTok search by authors in March 2023 showed that videos containing the ASMR hashtag (#ASMR) have a total of 631 billion views. An exhibition on this topic, called Weird Sensation Feels Good: The World of ASMR, was launched in the UK during Mental Health Awareness Week in May 2022, featuring immersive and interactive ASMR installations, and it ran again in April 2023.
ASMR can have deeply relaxing and sedating effects while working as a distraction from negative thoughts. Research indicates it can provide temporary relief to anxiety, depression, insomnia, and chronic pain (17–19). A functional MRI study found that ASMR experience is significantly associated with brain areas involved in emotional arousal, satisfaction, and reward (20). On a physiological level, it has been found to reduce heart rate (an indicator of calmness) and increase skin conductance levels (an indicator of excitement), suggesting that ASMR is a relaxing but also an exciting and stimulating experience (21). As a result of the attention that ASMR receives from people experiencing mental health problems, ASMRtists have designed specific, therapeutic ASMR content tailored to this population, which aims to induce relief from symptoms. For example, videos aiming to relieve anxiety or panic often contain whispered soothing affirmations (22, 23), as well as gentle movements pretending to “brush away” or “pluck away” viewer's tension (24), and videos designed for people experiencing insomnia are specifically dedicated to facilitating sleep (25).
Complementary technologies
New 360° and VR180 formats of ASMR videos, suitable to experience in VR head-mounted displays, are emerging (26), which could enhance visual stimulation and immersion. VR technology is designed to produce a visual experience very similar to how the human eye perceives the real world (27), whereas contemporary ASMR videos tend to use binaural audio, a technique for recording sounds with two or more microphones, creating a targeted ear-to-ear audio experience (28). Combining the distinct immersive features of ASMR videos and VR can lead to important advances in these two technological developments resulting in powerful complementary multisensory stimulation with a potential therapeutic effect. Creating ASMR content in a VR format has the potential to dramatically increase the perceived proximity and realism of visual triggers allowing the viewer to “step inside” the ASMR video, while satisfying the need of VR to be more multisensory. This could enhance the sense of presence in the ASMR video, which in turn could intensify the perceived bodily sensations. Such immersion could also enrich the experience of emotional and physical intimacy, which is an important element of personal attention roleplay. Adding binaural ASMR audio to the VR environment provides an opportunity to better localise sounds, which could further enhance realism and provide a fully immersive soundscape. The use of audio in VR plays a crucial role in perceived realism and user satisfaction, yet it is still undervalued and lacks consistent research (29).
Although the idea of VR-based ASMR has gained mainstream popularity in the last few years, it has not received much scientific attention and is largely unstudied by academic researchers. To date, only a few studies have explored this new concept (30). One study indicated that adding ASMR audio to VR can make the experience slightly more immersive, compared to standard stereo audio, in a sample of junior college students (31). Another study implemented ASMR, along with other sensory cues, within VR and showed this can stimulate multisensory sexual arousal in a sample of 140 adults (32). There is also a scientific poster that proposes a study design for implementing a VR-based method to induce ASMR using light triggers (33). Existing research has focused more on the general effects of combining VR and ASMR in adults and young people with the aim of improving authenticity, sense of presence, immersion, and overall VR and ASMR experiences. There is a lack of empirical studies on the feasibility and effectiveness of VR-based ASMR specifically for the purpose of enhancing relaxation and wellbeing.
VR-based ASMR could have useful practical and research implications to enhance wellbeing. Given that VR and ASMR are both safe and accessible, a hybrid approach could work as a feasible and cost-effective home- or work-based intervention for wellbeing support and stress management in the general population, especially for younger people who actively use social media platforms, such as TikTok and YouTube (7). Research has indicated the benefits of nature-based VR relaxation in reducing burnout and stress in a range of workforces, including healthcare professionals and other key workers (34–37). According to Attention Restoration Theory, natural environments support individuals in achieving emotional separation from their concerns, which boosts mental fatigue recovery (38). Adding binaural ASMR audio capturing soothing nature sounds, such as beach waves or wind blowing through the trees, could supplement this experience inducing a state of deeper relaxation. Adding therapeutic personal attention roleplay elements to the calming nature-based virtual scenes of VR relaxation could also make the experience more engaging, relaxing, and stimulating for optimal wellbeing. For example, creating the experience of having one's hair brushed while relaxing on a virtual beach, rather than experiencing this on a 2D screen, could increase the benefits of the intervention.
Clinical applications
Given the acceptability of both VR relaxation and ASMR to people experiencing mental health problems (8, 18, 19, 39), there is a huge potential for the therapeutic and clinical applications of VR-based ASMR, which could use positive affirmations and coping techniques or guided meditation exercises, among other techniques. With meditation practices, gentle whispering could contribute to the experience of comfort and safety, while immersive VR environments could support individuals in focusing attention on the present moment (40). These interventions could be especially effective for people with high levels of stress, anxiety-related conditions, insomnia, or chronic physical pain. VR-based ASMR could provide a high degree of flexibility and personalisation by offering the option to choose between a range of different triggers depending on the preferences of the individual.
Merging VR and ASMR will create opportunities for novel clinical applications. ASMRtists have already started to create content tailored to specific mental health conditions that is mostly enjoyed by viewers in non-clinical settings. In the future, ASMRtists may consider working in collaboration or consultation with mental health professionals to design VR-based ASMR content that is safe to deliver to clinical populations. Moreover, ASMRtists should consider patient involvement in the planning and designing of their VR content to ensure that the content is tailored to their needs. This could improve the effectiveness of these interventions and address ethical considerations related to potential risks.
Older adults tend to be less likely to use social media and may face obstacles to using technology (41). This may lead to barriers to accessing VR-based ASMR and prevent them from experiencing the potential benefits of these interventions. Strategies to narrow the digital divide and increase the accessibility of VR-based ASMR for people of all ages and backgrounds could be applied. Although VR-based ASMR is popular on YouTube, which is a commonly used platform by a wider age group, ASMRtists could engage more actively with the Facebook audience as this is the largest platform used by people of a wide range of ages (7). Enhancing age diversity among ASMRtists may be another way to increase accessibility, given that age similarity between the viewer and the ASMRtist could offer a greater connection and sense of belonging (42).
Conclusion
VR relaxation and ASMR are promising and complementary interventions. The combination of VR and ASMR to enhance relaxation and wellbeing is largely unstudied by research, and the scientific basis of ASMR and its effect on mental health is still very limited. Given the promising evidence for VR relaxation, more research is needed to investigate the potential benefits of VR-based ASMR.
Author contributions
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Abbreviations
ASMR, autonomous sensory meridian response; VR, virtual reality.
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Keywords: autonomous sensory meridian response, ASMR, virtual reality, relaxation, mental health, stress reduction, psychological wellbeing, internet
Citation: Kaleva I and Riches S (2023) Stepping inside the whispers and tingles: multisensory virtual reality for enhanced relaxation and wellbeing. Front. Digit. Health 5:1212586. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1212586
Received: 26 April 2023; Accepted: 28 June 2023;
Published: 18 July 2023.
Edited by:
Sylvie Bernaerts, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, BelgiumReviewed by:
Fransiska Kaligis, University of Indonesia, Indonesia© 2023 Kaleva and Riches. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Simon Riches simon.j.riches@kcl.ac.uk @sjriches
†ORCID Ina Kaleva orcid.org/0000-0003-4303-924X Simon Riches orcid.org/0000-0002-1427-5561