BRIEF RESEARCH REPORT article
Front. Dent. Med.
Sec. Oral-Systemic Immunology
Volume 6 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fdmed.2025.1545479
Influence of nitrate-containing arugula juice on nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and periodontopathogens in smokers' biofilm
Provisionally accepted
Endang Winiati Bachtiar1*
Boy Muchlis Bachtiar1
Turmidzi Fath1
Citra Fragrantia Theodorea1
Heni Susilowati2
Retno Indrawati3Irene Edith RIEUWPASSA4- 1Departement of Oral Biology Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- 2Faculty of Dentistry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- 3Faculty of Dentistry, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- 4Faculty of Dentistry,Department of Oral Biology,, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Green leafy vegetables like arugula are rich in nitrates that support oral health, yet their effects on oral microbial balance, especially in smokers, remain unclear. This study evaluate the survival and activity of nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB, Veillonella spp., and Rothia spp.) in biofilm exposed to nitrate-containing arugula juice (3.25 mM or 6.25 mM). The proportions of NRB were compared with periodontopathogen (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum).Using quantitative real time-PCR (qPCR) we assessed bacterial survival and transcription of nitrate reductase-genes (narG and napA), in biofilm from smokers and non-smokers. Results revealed that nitrate-containing arugula juice enhancing NRB bacteria abundance while reduced periodontopathogen growth. Higher nitrate (6.25 mM) increased nitrate reductase expression.Prolonged exposure (9 h) sustained the growth-promoting effect on Rothia spp. These results suggest that non-smoker biofilm has a greater amount of nitrate-reducing bacteria, which promote oral microbial balance. Thus, smokers might be advised to consume nitrate-containing arugula juice to promote NRB, which may have health benefits.
Keywords: Arugula, Biofilm, Nitrate-reducing bacteria, Periodontopathogens, nitrase-associated genes
Received: 15 Dec 2024; Accepted: 14 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Bachtiar, Bachtiar, Fath, Theodorea, Susilowati, Indrawati and RIEUWPASSA. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Endang Winiati Bachtiar, Departement of Oral Biology Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
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