Carlos R Ruiz-Miranda ^1* Karen B. Strier ²

• ¹ Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
• ² Department of Anthropology, College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States

The persistence of populations in these altered landscapes will also depend on how well conservation and management strategies can address the human-primate interactions at different levels (Consorte-McCrea et al., 2022;Estrada and Garber, 2022). While attention is often focused on the impacts of forest fragmentation in these landscapes, it is similarly essential to understand the specifics of human land use and cultural patterns and how these influence the behavior and ecology of primates.There are a growning number of examples where research and conservation actions are making significant contributions to reverse the decline of populations. These range from protecting isolated populations to improving the status of species, usually through a combination of habitat protection and expansion, translocations and other forms of management, research and educational programs, and community engagement at local, national, and international scales involving governmental, nongovernment organizations, zoos and universities.In this collection of original manuscripts, five sets of colleagues present tangible results from a diverse set of conservation and management initiatives involving Neotropical primates. All biodiversity conservation is predicated on a comprehensive understanding of taxonomic classifications, and correspondingly our special issue begins with Rylands and Mittermeier's "Taxonomy and Systematics of the Neotropical Primates: A Review and Update." The recognition that several populations of primates living almost entirely in anthropogenic landscapes represent different species has been a major driver of the reassessment and development of conservation action plans thoughout the Neotropics. In "Restoration of Alouatta guariba populations: A bi-national management program," Oklander and colleagues build on the current risks to this Critically Endangered species to describe the international collaborative program that has been developed to prevent its extinction by directly addressing several of the issues of conservation in anthropogenic landscapes. Their approach offers a model that could be applied to other Critically Endangered species in the Neotropics and elsewhere with great effects.The remaining three contributions investigate an array of conservation and management initiatives that deal with some of the ubiquitous problems seen in the Neotropics. . Lagroteria and colleagues present a model for assessing the consequences of habitat overlap and ecological success among closely related species in their paper, "Assessing the invasive potential of Saguinus midas in the extent of occurrence of the Critically Endangered Saguinus bicolor." In "Characterization of forest fragments occupied by the Critically Endangered and endemic San Martín titi monkey (Plecturocebus oenanthe),"Vargas and colleagues assess the probability of population persistence and the conditions needed to maintain it in a landscape typical of most of South America, where there is a mosaic of forest fragments, agricultural areas and human settlements of varying sizes. Finally, Ramirez and colleagues provide behavioral insights about arboreal bridges to mitigate the effects of linear infrastructures in their investigation into the "Perception of the risk of predation by golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) and marmosets (Callithrix spp.) in relation to artificial connectivity structures over oil and gas pipelines." This paper also addresses the issue of conservation solutions designed for an endangered species but that could also favor the spread of an invasive species, a common problem that impacts several endangered Callitrichids throughout Brazil.Taken together, these papers span a diversity of taxa and approaches that we hope will inspire and stimulate further conservation and management efforts on behalf of Neotropical primates and other endangered taxa throughout the world.