Krishnan R. ¹ Chirag Dhara ^2* Takeshi Horinouchi ³ C. Kendra Gotangco Gonzales ^4,5 A. P. Dimri ^6,7 M. Singh Shrestha ⁸ Swapna P ¹ Roxy Mathew Koll ¹ Seok-Woo Son ^10,9 Ayantika D.C. ¹ Faye Abigail T. Cruz ¹¹ Fangli Qiao ¹²

• ¹ Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, Maharashtra, India
• ² Krea University, Sri City, India
• ³ Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan
• ⁴ Deptartment of Environmental Science, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
• ⁵ Fenner School of Environment and Society, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
• ⁶ Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
• ⁷ School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
• ⁸ International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
• ⁹ School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
• ¹⁰ interdisciplinary program in artificial intelligence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
• ¹¹ Manila Observatory, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
• ¹² First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China

Anthropogenic climate change has led to rapid and widespread changes in the atmosphere, land, ocean, cryosphere, and biosphere leading to more pronounced weather and climate extremes globally. Recent IPCC reports have highlighted that the probability of compound extreme events, which can amplify risk, has risen in multiple regions. However, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the drivers and mechanisms behind these events. This concept paper discusses compound events in the Asian region, in the context of its unique and diverse geographical settings, and regional climatic features including the seasonal monsoons. Notably, Asia is the world's most disaster-affected region due to weather, climate, and water-related hazards. Therefore, an integrated understanding of how climate change will impact compound events in this region is essential for effective forewarning and risk mitigation. This paper analyzes three typologies of compound events in the Asian region, illustrating their regional complexity and potential linkages to climate change. The first typology pertains to compound floods, for example, the devastating floods in the Indus River Basin (IRB) and adjoining Western Himalayas (WH) during 2022 caused by the combined effects of heavy monsoon rainfall, intense pre-monsoon heatwaves, glacier melt, and modes of climate variability. The second typology relates to compound heatwave-drought events that have prominently manifested in East and South Asia, and are linked to large-scale drivers of the land-atmosphere-ocean coupled system and local feedbacks. The third typology relates to marine extremes involving the compounding effects of ocean warming, sea-level rise, marine heatwaves, and intensifying tropical cyclones. We identify key knowledge gaps in understanding and predicting compound events over the Asian region and discuss advances required in science and technology to address these gaps. We also provide recommendations for the effective utilization of climate information towards improving early warning systems and disaster risk reduction.