Catechin-capped silver-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticle enhanced photocatalytic toxic dye degradation

Sougata Ghosh ¹ Tanawat Imboon ² Rashbihari Layek ³ Gayatri Salunke ⁴ Vijay Singh Parihar ⁵ Jeerawan Khumphon ² Thomas Jay Webster ⁶ Santosh Sutar ⁷ Sutasinne Kityakarn ⁸ Chaisak Issro ⁹ Dusadee Khamboonrueang ¹⁰ Sirikanjana Thongmee ^2*

• ¹ RK University, Rajkot, India
• ² Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand., Bangkok, Thailand
• ³ Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
• ⁴ Biochemical Sciences Division, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), Pune, Maharashtra, India
• ⁵ Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland
• ⁶ School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
• ⁷ Yashwantrao Chavan School of Rural Development, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416004, Maharashtra, India, Kolhapur, India
• ⁸ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok-10900, Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
• ⁹ Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi-10131, Thailand, Chonburi, Thailand
• ¹⁰ Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Sawan, Thailand

Doping-associated surface modification is a powerful strategy to enhance the photocatalytic potential of n-type semiconductor nanomaterials. Silver (Ag) is one of the most effective dopants that can result in the retardation of the electron hole recombination-generating Schottky barrier at the TiO2 interface with a simultaneous extension of absorption to the visible region. This work presents a study on the effect of catechin, a bioactive principle polyphenol compound found in various plants, on the synthesis, Ag-doping and stabilization of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2NPs). The nanoparticles were irregular in shape with sizes ranging from 19 to 30 nm. Ag-TiO2NPs were fabricated using TiO2 as a precursor and 1%, 3%, and 5% AgNO3 as a doping agent. The average particle size of 1%Ag-TiO2NPs, 3%Ag-TiO2NPs, and 5%Ag-TiO2NPs was 27.3 ± 7.5 nm, 29.8 ± 9.6 nm, and 25.0 ± 9.0 nm, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) showed lattice fringes with an interplanar spacing of 0.23 nm corresponding to the Ag (111) plane in addition to the presence of the anatase phase of TiO2. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra exhibited a broad peak around 400–800 cm⁻¹ that was attributed to Ti-O-Ti stretching vibrations which was slightly shifted in Ag-TiO2NPs due to changes in the local bonding environment around Ti atoms caused by interactions with Ag. Catechin loading in the TiO2NPs and Ag-TiO2NPs was between 1.55 to 3.3 wt. %. TiO2NPs, 1%Ag-TiO2NPs, 3%Ag-TiO2NPs, and 5%Ag-TiO2NPs exhibited superior photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye up to 78%, 87%, 91%, and 92%, respectively, and RhB dye up to 92%, 94%, 97% and 99%, respectively, with a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. Furthermore, its recyclability was also demonstrated for three cycles. The simplicity of fabrication and superior photocatalytic performance of TiO2 demonstrated here make this green route advantageous for environmental applications to treat dye contaminated effluent as well as for numerous other applications.