Mei Zhou1,2†
Sai Jiang1,3†
Changfen Chen1Jinyu Li1,2Huayong Lou1,2Mengyun Wang3Gezhou Liu1Hanfei Liu1,2
Ting Liu4*Weidong Pan1,2*- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- 2The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
- 3TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- 4Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
Six new bibenzyls (three pairs of enantiomers), bletstrins D–F (1–3), were isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble (EtOAc) extract of tubers of Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb f. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were determined by 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy, optical rotation value, and experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data analyses, respectively. Compounds 1–3 possess a hydroxyl-substituted chiral center on the aliphatic bibenzyl bridge, which represented the first examples of natural bibenzyl enantiomers from the genus of Bletilla. The antibacterial, antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF-α), and neuroprotective effects of the isolates have been evaluated. Compounds 3a and 3b were effective against three Gram-positive bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 52–105 μg/ml. Compounds 2a and 2b exhibited significant inhibitory effects on TNF-α-mediated cytotoxicity in L929 cells with IC50 values of 25.7 ± 2.3 μM and 21.7 ± 1.7 μM, respectively. Subsequently, the possible anti-TNF-α mechanism of 2 was investigated by molecular docking simulation. Furthermore, the neuroprotective activities were tested on the H2O2-induced PC12 cell injury model, and compounds 2b, 3a, and 3b (10 μM) could obviously protect the cells with the cell viabilities of 57.86 ± 2.08%, 64.82 ± 2.84%, and 64.11 ± 2.52%, respectively.
Introduction
The tubers of Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f, named “Bai Ji”, is a traditional Chinese medicine, which are used for the treatment of several health disorders, including gastrointestinal disorders, ulcers, lung disorders, chapped skin, and traumatic bleeding (He et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2019; Liao et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020; Hou et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2021; Xu et al., 2021). As an Orchidaceae plant, it can biosynthesize many secondary stilbenes, such as bibenzyls, phenanthrenes, dihydrophenanthrenes, biphenanthrenes, dihydrophenanthrofurans, and phenanthrenequinones (Sun et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2019a; Zhu et al., 2021). Some of these compounds showed a wide range of biological activities like antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, and antiviral effects (Qian et al., 2015; Wang and Meng, 2015; Xu et al., 2019; Jiang et al., 2020; Jiang et al., 2021). In our previous work, more than 40 stilbenes including 13 new compounds were isolated from the tubers of B. striata and just tested for their antibacterial effects (Jiang et al., 2019a, Jiang et al., 2019b).
Some literature studies showed that some compounds isolated from the tubers of B. striata presented obvious anti-neuroinflammatory activities (Sun et al., 2021), indicating that B. striata might be a promising source of neuroprotection lead compounds. The aim of this study was to obtain further chemical and biological properties of B. striata, which might provide deeper insights into the plant as a promising Chinese medicine. As a result, six new bibenzyls (three pairs of enantiomers), bletstrins D-F (1–3), were isolated (Figure 1). The isolation and identification of these undescribed compounds and their absolute configurations were elucidated in this study. Moreover, all the compounds were tested for their antibacterial, anti-TNF-α, and neuroprotective activities. The molecular docking experiment was further conducted to reveal the potential mechanism of anti-TNF-α activity.
FIGURE 1. Isolated compounds 1–3 from the tubers of B. striata.
Materials and Methods
General Experimental Procedures
Optical rotations were measured on a Rudolph Autopol IV-T polarimeter equipped. The UV spectra were measured on an HP 8543E spectrometer. IR spectra were obtained on a Nicolet iS10 and an ICAN 9 FT-IR spectrometer with KBr pellets. ECD spectra were recorded with an Applied Photophysics Chirascan instrument. 1D and 2D NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Inova 400 Hz NMR instrument or a Bruker Avance NEO 600 MHz spectrometer with tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard. The high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectra (HRESIMS) were obtained on a Thermo Q-Exactive Focus mass spectrometer. All the solvents used were of analytical grade (Jiangsu Hanbang Science and Technology Co., Ltd.). Silica gel (300–400 mesh, Qingdao Haiyang Chemical Co., Ltd.), CHP20/P120 MCI gel (75–150 μm, Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Ltd.), and Sephadex LH-20 (25–100 μm, Amersham Biosciences, Sweden) were used for column chromatography (CC). Semi-preparative HPLC was performed on a Waters-600 machine with a W2489 UV detector, column: ODS (5 μm, 10 × 250 mm, Waters Co., Ltd, United States). Chiral HPLC was performed on a Waters-600 machine with a W2489 UV detector equipped with a CHIRALPAK IA column (4.6 i. d. × 250 mm, S-5 μm, Daicel Chiral Technologies Co., Ltd., Japan). GF-254 (Qingdao Haiyang Chemical Co., Ltd.) was used for TLC.
Plant Material
The tubers of B. striata were collected from Anlong County of Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China, in March 2017, and authenticated by Prof. Ming-kai Wu (Institute of Modern Chinese Medicinal Materials, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou). A voucher specimen (No. 20170312003) was deposited at the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, People’s Republic of China.
Extraction and Isolation
The dried tubers of B. striata (9.8 kg) were extracted with 95% ethyl alcohol (EtOH) under reflux four times to produce the crude extract. The residue was suspended in water and subsequently separated with EtOAc to yield an EtOAc-soluble fraction (386.1 g). The extract was purified on a silica gel column and eluted with a gradient CHCl3-CH3OH solvent system (100:1→0:1) to give 11 fractions (Frs. 1–11). Frs. 5 (25.2 g) was separated by MCI CC eluted with H2O-CH3OH (from 60:0 to 0:100) to yield nine subfractions (Frs. 5.1–5.9). Frs. 5.5 (1.3 g) was further separated on a silica gel column and eluted with petroleum ether (PE)-EtOAc (10:1 to 1:1) to give five subfractions (Frs. 5.5.1–5.5.5). Frs. 5.5.4 (113.2 mg) was purified by semi-preparative HPLC (CH3OH-H2O, 56:44, flow rate 2.0 ml/min) to afford three subfractions (16.8 mg, tR = 19.61 min). Frs. 5.5.5 (238.6 mg) was purified by semi-preparative HPLC (CH3OH-H2O, 56:44, flow rate 2.0 ml/min) to afford three subfractions (5.4 mg, tR = 31.63 min). Frs. 5.6 (756.3 mg) was subjected to being chromatographed on a silica gel column and eluted with PE-EtOAc (10:1 to 1:1) to give three subfractions (Frs. 5.6.1–5.6.3). Frs. 5.6.3 (86.4 mg) was purified by semi-preparative HPLC (CH3OH-H2O, 55:45, flow rate 2.0 ml/min) to afford 1 subfraction (7.6 mg, tR = 24.52 min). Compounds 1–3 were further purified by chiral HPLC, using CH3OH-H2O (50:50) as the mobile phase, to yield 1a (2.2 mg), 1b (2.8 mg), 2a (1.60 mg), 2b (1.85 mg), 3a (6.38 mg), and 3b (5.58 mg).
Bletstrin D (1) racemic mixture. Yellowish amorphous powder; UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 280 (3.49) nm; IR (KBr): νmax = 3,374, 1,611, 1,513, 1,225, 1,145, 986, and 693 cm−1; 1H and 13C NMR data (see Table 1; HRESIMS m/z 351.1241 [M − H]− (calcd. for C21H19O5, 351.1232).
TABLE 1. 1H and13C NMR data of compounds 1–3.
(7R)-bletstrin D (1a).
(7S)-bletstrin D (1b).
Bletstrin E (2) racemic mixture. Yellowish amorphous powder; UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 280 (2.93) nm; IR (KBr): νmax = 3,381, 1,595, 1,510, 1,457, 1,236, and 1,172 cm−1; 1H and 13C NMR data (see Table 1); HRESIMS m/z 457.1664 [M − H]− (calcd. for C28H25O6, 457.1651).
(7R)-bletstrin E (2a).
(7S)-bletstrin E (2b).
Bletstrin F (3) racemic mixture. Yellowish amorphous powder; UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 285 (3.23) nm; IR (KBr): νmax = 3,379, 1,599, 1,510, 1,238, 1,170, 1,083, and 702 cm−1; 1H and 13C NMR data (see Table 1); HRESIMS m/z 443.1852 [M + H]+ (calcd. for C28H27O5, 443.1858).
(7R)-bletstrin F (3a).
(7S)-bletstrin F (3b).
Antibacterial Activity Assays
Antimicrobial activities of compounds 1–3 against Gram-positive bacteria (Methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300, S. aureus ATCC 6538, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 11775) were performed using a microbroth dilution method in a 96-well microtiter plate (Jiang, et al., 2019a). Bacteria were seeded at 1 × 106 cells per well (200 μL) in a 96-well plate containing Mueller-Hinton broth with different concentrations (from 1 to 420 μg/ml; 2-fold increments) of each test compound. Oxacillin, which was obtained from J&K Chemicals (Beijing, China), was used as a positive control.
Anti-TNF-α Activity Assay
L929 cells (Procell, Wuhan, China) were cultured in RPMI 1640 (Gibco, United States) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Procell, Wuhan, China) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. Exponentially growing L929 cells were harvested and seeded in 96-well multiplates at a density of 1.5 × 105 cells/mL. After incubation for 24 h at 37°C, samples (0.01, 0.1, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 200 μM), TNF-α (GlpBio, Shanghai, China) (7.5 ng/ml), and actinomycin D (GlpBio, Shanghai, China) (0.5 μg/ml) were added. After 12 h incubation at 37°C, 100 μL of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-2 -(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) (Promega, United States) (0.5 mg/ml) was added to each well and incubated for an additional 2 h. The optical density (OD) of the formazan solution was measured using a microplate reader at 490 nm. UCB-9260 (GlpBio, Shanghai, China) was used as a positive control.
Neuroprotective Activity Assay
PC12 cells were cultured in Ham’s F12K (Gibco, United States) with 10% fetal calf serum at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. The cells were seeded in 96-well multiplates at a density of 1.5 × 105 cells/mL. After overnight incubation at 37°C with 5% CO2, 10 μM test samples and H2O2 (final concentration of 450 μM) were added into the wells and incubated for another 12 h. The cell survival rate was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) (Gibco, United States) assay (Chu et al., 2019).
Results and Discussion
Compound 1 was obtained as a yellowish amorphous powder. HRESIMS analysis established the molecular formula of 1 as C21H20O5 (m/z 351.1241 [M - H]−, calcd. 351.1232). The UV spectrum suggested the presence of aromatic ring functional groups. The 1H NMR spectrum of 1 revealed signals for one 1,3-disubstituted phenyl group [δH 6,99 (1H, t, J = 7.8 Hz), 6.58 (1H, m), 6.55 (1H, m), and 6.46 (1H, m)]; one 4-hydroxybenzyl moiety [δH 6.89 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 6.60 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 3.76 (1H, d, J = 15.6 Hz), and 3.68 (1H, d, J = 15.6 Hz)]; one 1,2,3,5-tetrasubstituted aromatic moiety [δH 6.49 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz) and 6.23 (1H, d, J = 2.4 Hz)]; one methylene group [δH 2.47 (2H, d, J = 6.0 Hz)]; one oxymethine group [δH 4.22 (1H, dd, J = 10.8, 6.0 Hz)]; and four hydroxy groups [δH 9.16 (1H, s), 9.07 (1H, s), 8.96 (1H, s), and 4.85 (1H, d, J = 4.2 Hz)]. The 13C NMR spectrum of 1 showed 21 signals, four of them were oxygen-bearing aromatic carbons (δC 156.9, 156.1, 155.7, and 155.0), and one of them was oxygen-bearing methylene group (δC 70.0). The 1D-NMR data of 1 were similar to those of bletstrin A (Jiang et al., 2019b), except for the existence of an extra hydroxy group linked to the C-3′ position. This conclusion was supported by the molecular weight and the HMBC (Figure 2) correlations of H-5′ (δH 6.99) and H-2′ (δH 6.58) to C-3′ (δC 156.9). Thus, the planar structure of 1 was established.
FIGURE 2. Key HMBC correlations of compounds 1–3.
However, compound 1 was not optically pure but racemic according to its optical rotation data (Shao et al., 2019). We then separated optically pure compounds 1a and 1b from one by chiral HPLC. Compounds 1a and 1b exhibited opposite cotton effects at 206, 219, and 236 nm and further confirmed their racemic relationship. By comparison of the experimental ECD curves and data from the literature (Jiang et al., 2019b), the absolute configurations of 1a and 1b were determined as 7R and 7S, respectively. Finally, the structures of bletstrin D (1a and 1b) were defined. All the spectroscopic data of compound 1 are shown in Supplementary Figures S1–8 in Supplementary Material S1.
Compound 2 was obtained as a yellowish amorphous powder. Its molecular formula of C28H26O6 was determined by the (-)-HRESIMS ion peak at m/z 457.1644 [M - H]− (calcd. 457.1651). The comparison of the 1D NMR data (Table 1) of 2 with those of 1 suggested that their structures were similar, except for the existence of an extra benzene moiety in 2. The 1H NMR data of compound 2 showed an extra AA′BB’ system benzene moiety at δH 6.94 (2H, m, H-2‴, 6‴), 6.66 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-3‴, 5‴), 4.56 (1H, d, J = 16.0 Hz), and 4.18 (1H, d, J = 16.0 Hz) in the A ring. The 13C NMR spectrum of compound 2 showed seven extra signals at δC 135.2 (C-1‴), 130.1 (C-2‴), 115.6 (C-3‴), 155.5 (C-4‴), 115.6 (C-5‴), 130.1 (C-6‴), and 31.6 (C-7‴). Furthermore, the HMBC (Figure 2) correlations from H-7‴ (δH 4.56) to C-2‴, C‴, C-1, C-5, and C-6 suggested that the benzyl group was connected to C-6. Thus, the planar structure of 2 was defined and named as bletstrin E. Compound 2 was also a racemic mixture. Resolution by chromatography analysis is afforded to 2a and 2b. The absolute configurations of 2a and 2b were determined as 7R and 7S by comparing with the experimental ECD spectra of 1a and 1b. Finally, the structures of bletstrin E (2a and 2b) were defined. All the spectroscopic data on compound 2 are shown in Supplementary Figures S8–16 in Supplementary Material S1.
Compound 3, a yellowish amorphous powder, was given the molecular formula of C28H26O5 by (+)-HRESIMS ion peak at m/z 443.1852 [M + H]+ (calcd. 443.1858). A comparison of the molecular formula of 3 with that of 2 inferred that it lacks an oxygen atom. By detailed analysis of the 1D NMR data (Table 1) of 3, it was suggested that its structure was similar to that of 2, except for missing a hydroxy group at position C-3′. The location was supported by the downfield chemical shift of C-3′ at δC 128.9 (ΔδC −29.0), as well as the HMBC (Figure 2) correlations of H-3′, 5′ (δH 7.11) with C-1′ (δC 140.9). Compound 3 was a racemate according to its optical rotation data. The pair of optically pure enantiomers (3a and 3b) was separated using chiral chromatography analysis. The absolute configurations of 3a and 3b were determined as 7R and 7S by comparing with the experimental ECD (Figure 3) spectra of 1a and 1b. Finally, the structures of bletstrin F (3a and 3b) were defined. All the spectroscopic data on compound 3 are shown in Supplementary Figures S17–24 in Supplementary Material S1.
FIGURE 3. Experimental ECD curves of compounds 1–3.
Bletstrins D–F (1–3) are all new bibenzyl derivatives possessing a rare hydroxyl substituted chiral center on the aliphatic bibenzyl bridge structure. In the field of a biosynthetic pathway, the establishment of the new structures may consist of a series of modifications from simple model blocks (Sun et al., 2021). As shown in Figure 4, bibenzyls are biosynthesized from dihydro-m-coumaroyl-CoA (Jiang et al., 2019). Subsequently, the target compounds 1, 2, and 3 were formed by dehydrogenation, oxidation, and the coupling of one or two benzyl groups.
FIGURE 4. Plausible biogenetic pathway of compounds 1–3.
Compounds 1–3 were tested on antibacterial activities against three common Gram-positive bacterial strains (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, S. aureus ATCC 6538, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051) and one Gram-negative bacterial strain (Escherichia coli ATCC 11775). The results revealed that compounds 3a and 3b were effective against three Gram-positive bacteria with MICs of 52–105 μg/ml (Supplementary Table S1 in Supplementary Material S1). Furthermore, compounds 2a and 2b exhibited obvious anti-TNF-α bioactivity in TNF-α-mediated-cytotoxicity assay with IC50 values of 25.7 ± 2.3 μM and 21.7 ± 1.7 μM, respectively (Figure 5); these values are of the same order of magnitude to the published literature (He et al., 2005; Alexiou et al., 2014; Melagraki et al., 2017). The cell viability of 69.17 ± 2.42% and 58.89 ± 2.08% at 20 μM, compared to the model group (37.08 ± 1.68%), while that of the positive control UCB-9260 was 73.70 ± 3.12% (Figure 6). TNF-α is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in most of the inflammatory processes (Jacobi et al., 2006), and these results suggested that compounds 2a and 2b may have obvious anti-inflammatory activity. In the anti-TNF-α activity test, compound 2, which possesses one more hydroxy group than compound 3 at C-4′, showed significantly different activities (P ˂ 0.001). The possible anti-TNF-α mechanisms of 2 and 3 were investigated by molecular docking simulation (Figure 7). From the docking mode of two compounds with TNF-α protein (PDB ID: 6OOY), it can be seen that compound 2 with hydroxy group at C-4′ can form two stable hydrogen bonds with 6OOY tyrosine at position 119 (tyrosine; Tyr), which could not be found in the docking model of 3 and 6OOY. In the published study on the crystal structure of 6OOY, it was also demonstrated that the ligand binds to the protein at position 119 of the B chain (O'Connell et al., 2019). This docking simulation revealed that compound 2 might form hydrogen bonds with amino acids at position 119 of the B chain of TNF-α, which can inhibit its activity by stabilizing the asymmetric trimer structure of TNF-α.
FIGURE 5. L929 assay of compound 2 (A,B) in the presence of different concentrations (n = 3).
FIGURE 6. Anti-TNF-α activities of compounds 1–3. L929 cells were cultured in the presence of isolated compounds and were measured by the MTS assay (n = 3). Data are expressed as mean ± S D. ***p < 0.001 vs. the model group.
FIGURE 7. Three-dimensional molecular docking model of compounds 2 and 3. Detail of the compound-binding pocket within the TNF homotrimer, with key residues involved in binding highlighted.
Moreover, in vitro assays, compounds 2b, 3a, and 3b (10 μM) exhibited excellent neuroprotective activities against H2O2-induced PC12 cell damage with the cell viabilities of 57.86 ± 2.08%, 64.82 ± 2.84%, and 64.11 ± 2.52%, respectively, while that of the positive control (±) α-Tocopherol was 54.51 ± 2.87% (Figure 8).
FIGURE 8. Neuroprotective activities of compounds 1–3. PC12 cells were in the presence of isolated compounds at a concentration of 10 μM with the H202-induced injury model. Their cell viabilities were measured by the MTT assay (n = 3). Data are expressed as mean ± S D. ***p < 0.001 vs. the model group.
Conclusion
Six new bibenzyls (three pairs of enantiomers, 1a–3b) were isolated from the tubers of B. striata. The absolute configurations of compounds 1–3 were assigned by comparison of the optical rotation value combined with their experimental ECD data. All the compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities, but only compound 3 showed inhibitory activities against the three Gram-positive bacteria. This result preliminarily inferred that the orientation of hydroxyl at C-7 may not affect the antibacterial activities. Furthermore, the anti-TNF-α activity was influenced by the hydroxyl at C-4′ and the benzyl at C-6 by comparing the effects of 1, 2, and 3. Moreover, the absolute configurations may also not affect their neuroprotective activities, but the benzyl group at C-6 may affect their activity. In fact, this is the first example of natural bibenzyl enantiomers (a hydroxyl-substituted chiral center on the aliphatic bibenzyl bridge) from the genus of Bletilla. Furthermore, the anti-TNF-α and neuroprotective effects of bibenzyls from B. striata are also the first reported. In addition, some simple bibenzyls (not containing extra benzyl groups) from Stemona and Dendrobium species also showed neuroprotective activities against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells (Lee et al., 2006; Song et al., 2010). In summary, according to the structure and activity relationship (SAR), the hydroxyl on the aliphatic chain and/or benzyl groups, as well as the absolute configurations, may affect the bioactivities of bibenzyls.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Author Contributions
WP and TL conceived and designed the experiment. MZ and CC were responsible for compound isolation and writing. JS was responsible for structure identification. HL, MW, and GL completed the biological activity test. JL and HL reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was financially supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Nos. U1812403-3-2, 81660580, and 32100322) and the Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province (Nos. QKHZC(2019)2753, QKHZC(2020)4Y067, QKHRC(2016)4037, and QKHPTRC(2021)5619).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.911201/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: Bletilla striata, bibenzyl enantiomers, antibacterial, anti-TNF-α activity, neuroprotection
Citation: Zhou M, Jiang S, Chen C, Li J, Lou H, Wang M, Liu G, Liu H, Liu T and Pan W (2022) Bioactive Bibenzyl Enantiomers From the Tubers of Bletilla striata. Front. Chem. 10:911201. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.911201
Received: 02 April 2022; Accepted: 02 May 2022;
Published: 09 June 2022.
Edited by:
Matthew A. Coleman, University of California, Davis, United StatesReviewed by:
Jungui Dai, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, ChinaRufeng Wang, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
Copyright © 2022 Zhou, Jiang, Chen, Li, Lou, Wang, Liu, Liu, Liu and Pan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ting Liu, liuting@gmc.edu.cn; Weidong Pan, wdpan@163.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work