AUTHOR=Yu Zhenfeng , Eich Christina , Cruz Luis J. 

TITLE=Recent Advances in Rare-Earth-Doped Nanoparticles for NIR-II Imaging and Cancer Theranostics

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Chemistry

VOLUME=8

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/chemistry/articles/10.3389/fchem.2020.00496

DOI=10.3389/fchem.2020.00496

ISSN=2296-2646

ABSTRACT=<p>Fluorescence imaging in the second near infrared window (NIR-II, 1,000–1,700 nm) has been widely used in cancer diagnosis and treatment due to its high spatial resolution and deep tissue penetration depths. In this work, recent advances in rare-earth-doped nanoparticles (RENPs)—a novel kind of NIR-II nanoprobes—are presented. The main focus of this study is on the modification of RENPs and their applications in NIR-II <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> imaging and cancer theranostics. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of NIR-II RENPs are discussed.</p>