AUTHOR=Mkhohlakali Andile , Jen Tien-Chien , Ledwaba Kabelo , Mapukata Sivuyisiwe , Mabowa Happy Mothepane , Letsoalo Mokgehle R. , Ntsasa Napo , Tshilongo James 

TITLE=Influence of surfactant on sol-gel-prepared TiO2: characterization and photocatalytic dye degradation in water

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Chemical Engineering

VOLUME=6

YEAR=2024

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/chemical-engineering/articles/10.3389/fceng.2024.1352283

DOI=10.3389/fceng.2024.1352283

ISSN=2673-2718

ABSTRACT=<p>In this study, Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) nano-powder was prepared using a sol-gel process with and without surfactant. A typical non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100) was used during the process. The phase compositions of TiO<sub>2</sub> and surfactant-assisted TiO<sub>2</sub> (TiO<sub>2</sub>-sa) were investigated by FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) was used to determine the nano-powder’s specific surface area and pore size distribution. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis exhibited particle size in the range of 65–85 nm and polycrystalline phase, respectively. UV-vis spectrophotometer showed high absorption as dominating the visible region (438–450 nm) with relative redshift and reduced bandgap from 2.98 to 3.12 eV upon adding surfactant on TiO<sub>2</sub>. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) exhibits high purity TiO<sub>2</sub> with more than 82% composition with the lowest relative standard deviation (RSD %). Moreover, the photoluminescence (PL) of TiO<sub>2</sub>-sa showed enhanced oxygen vacancies and surface defects which reduce the direct electron-photon (e/h+) pair recombination. TiO<sub>2</sub>-sa illustrated promising characteristic features of an active photocatalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants.</p>