Hai-Ying Shen- Department of Pediatrics Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
Editorial on the Research Topic
15 years of Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience: the role of glial cells in schizophrenia and other related disorders
Introduction
As we celebrate the 15th anniversary of Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, it is an opportune moment to reflect on the pivotal research contributions that have shaped our understanding of glial cells in schizophrenia and related disorders. Over the past decade and a half, this journal has been at the forefront of unveiling the complex roles that glial cells, particularly microglia and astrocytes, play in the pathophysiology of mental illnesses.
The intricate dance of microglia and neurons in schizophrenia
Hartmann et al. delve into the interactions between microglia and neurons in schizophrenia. Their comprehensive review highlights how microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, engage in a delicate balance of neuroprotection and neuroinflammation, which can be disrupted in schizophrenia. The study underscores the dual role of microglia in either exacerbating or mitigating neuronal damage, depending on their states (Paolicelli et al., 2022). The authors argue that therapeutic strategies targeting specific microglial reaction states could offer new avenues for treating schizophrenia.
Astrocytes: the unsung heroes of brain health
Astrocytes, another type of glial cell, have also been spotlighted for their crucial role in maintaining brain homeostasis and their involvement in mental disorders. While review articles provide a detailed account of how astrocytes contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (Laricchiuta et al., 2024), and discuss the astrocytic regulation of neurotransmitter systems, blood-brain barrier integrity, and synaptic function, all of which are often disrupted in schizophrenia (Verkhratsky et al., 2023; Notter, 2021), Yan et al. have further elucidated the heterogeneity of astrocytes and their distinct roles in various central nervous system (CNS) regions and pathological states, emphasizing the importance of these cells in both health and disease contexts.
The impact of environmental stressors: high altitude and neuroinflammation
In addition to genetic and molecular factors, environmental stressors such as high altitude have been shown to exacerbate microglial and astrocyte reactions, a common feature in many neurological disorders, including schizophrenia. Liu et al.'s study on the effects of high altitude on traumatic brain injury (TBI) reveals that hypoxic conditions can significantly worsen neuroinflammatory responses. The research demonstrates that L-serine, an endogenous amino acid, can mitigate these effects by modulating microglial activation through the NFAT1 pathway. This finding not only sheds light on the potential for L-serine as a neuroprotective agent but also underscores the broader implications of environmental factors on brain health.
Innovative approaches to schizophrenia treatment
Singer and Yee explored the inhibition of astrocytic glycine transporter-1 (GlyT1) as a potential therapeutic approach for ameliorating NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia. The authors discuss the dual nature of GlyT1 inhibition, considering both its potential benefits and drawbacks. Their research suggests that while inhibiting GlyT1 may enhance N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function and improve cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, careful consideration of the associated risks is essential. This study highlights the complexity of targeting astrocytic functions for therapeutic purposes and underscores the need for nuanced approaches in developing effective treatments.
The insights gained from these studies highlight the multifaceted roles of glial cells in brain health and disease. As we look forward to the next decade of Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, several promising research directions emerge. (i) Microglial Modulation: Developing therapies that can precisely modulate microglial activation states to promote neuroprotection while minimizing neuroinflammation. (ii) Targeting Astrocyte Functions: Exploring astrocyte-targeted therapies to restore neurotransmitter balance and synaptic function in schizophrenia. (iii) Environmental Considerations: Investigating the impact of environmental stressors on glial cell function and developing strategies to mitigate their adverse effects. (iv) GlyT1 Inhibition: Further examining the therapeutic potential and risks of inhibiting astrocytic glycine transporter-1 to enhance NMDA receptor function in schizophrenia.
In conclusion, the past 15 years have seen remarkable advancements in our understanding of glial cells and their roles in schizophrenia and related disorders. The continued exploration of these cellular players holds great promise for developing more effective treatments and improving the lives of those affected by these debilitating conditions.
Author contributions
H-YS: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Dr. Crystal C. Watkins and Dr. Li Tian for their valuable contributions as guest editors for this Research Topic.
Conflict of interest
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
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References
Laricchiuta, D., Papi, M., Decandia, D., Panuccio, A., Cutuli, D., Peciccia, M., et al. (2024). The role of glial cells in mental illness: a systematic review on astroglia and microglia as potential players in schizophrenia and its cognitive and emotional aspects. Front. Cell Neurosci. 18:1358450. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1358450
Notter, T. (2021). Astrocytes in schizophrenia. Brain Neurosci. Adv. 5:23982128211009148 doi: 10.1177/23982128211009148
Paolicelli, R. C., Sierra, A., Stevens, B., Tremblay, M. E., Aguzzi, A., Ajami, B., et al. (2022). Microglia states and nomenclature: a field at its crossroads. Neuron. 110, 3458–3483. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.020
Keywords: glial cell, microglial, astrocyte, schizophrenia, neuroinflammation, neuropsychiatric disorders
Citation: Shen H-Y (2024) Editorial: 15 years of Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience: the role of glial cells in schizophrenia and other related disorders. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 18:1471266. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1471266
Received: 27 July 2024; Accepted: 16 September 2024;
Published: 24 September 2024.
Edited and reviewed by: Marie-Ève Tremblay, University of Victoria, Canada
Copyright © 2024 Shen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Hai-Ying Shen, hshen@unmc.edu