Abdul Qadeer ¹ Abdul Wajid ² Hafiz A. Rafey ³ Saqib Nawaz ⁴ Sawar Khan ¹ Sajid U. Rahman ⁵ Khalid Alzahrani ⁶ Muhammad Z. Khan ⁷ Mohammad Nafi S. Alsabi ⁸ Hanif Ullah ⁹ Dr. Sher Zaman Safi ¹⁰ Zanxian Xia ^1* Muhammad Zahoor ^11*

• ¹ School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Anhui Province, China
• ² Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
• ³ Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Allied Health Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
• ⁴ Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, China
• ⁵ Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
• ⁶ Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
• ⁷ College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
• ⁸ Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia
• ⁹ School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
• ¹⁰ Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience, and Nursing, Mahsa University, Selangor, Malaysia
• ¹¹ Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key intercellular communication and pathogenesis mediators. Parasitic organisms' helminths, cause widespread infections with significant health impacts worldwide. Recent research has shed light on the role of EVs in the lifecycle, immune evasion, and disease progression of these parasitic organisms. These tiny membrane-bound organelles including microvesicles and exosomes, facilitate the transfer of proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and microRNAs between cells. EVs have been isolated from various bodily fluids, offering a potential diagnostic and therapeutic avenue for combating infectious agents. According to recent research, EVs from helminths hold great promise in the diagnosis of parasitic infections due to their specificity, early detection capabilities, accessibility, and the potential for staging and monitoring infections, promote intercellular communication, and are a viable therapeutic tool for the treatment of infectious agents. Exploring host-parasite interactions has identified promising new targets for diagnostic, therapy, and vaccine development against helminths. This literature review delves into EVS's origin, nature, biogenesis, and composition in these parasitic organisms. It also highlights the proteins and miRNAs involved in EV release, providing a comprehensive summary of the latest findings on the significance of EVs in the biology of helminths, promising targets for therapeutic and diagnostic biomarkers.