AUTHOR=Huang Rong , Yuan Qian , Gao Jianpeng , Liu Yang , Jin Xiaomeng , Tang Liping , Cao Ying 

TITLE=Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in patients undergoing cutaneous ureterostomy

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2023.991011

DOI=10.3389/fcimb.2023.991011

ISSN=2235-2988

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Objective</title><p>Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an inflammatory response of the urothelium to bacterial invasion and is a common complication in patients with cutaneous ureterostomy (CU). For such patients, accurate and efficient identification of pathogens remains a challenge. The aim of this study included exploring utility of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in assisting microbiological diagnosis of UTI among patients undergoing CU, identifying promising cytokine or microorganism biomarkers, revealing microbiome diversity change and compare virulence factors (VFs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) after infection.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We performed a case-control study of 50 consecutive CU patients from December 2020 to January 2021. According to the clinical diagnostic criteria, samples were divided into infected group and uninfected group and difference of urine culture, cytokines, microorganism, ARGs and VFs were compared between the two groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Inflammatory responses were more serious in infected group, as evidenced by a significant increase in <italic>IFN-α</italic> (p=0.031), <italic>IL-1β</italic> (0.023) and <italic>IL-6</italic> (p=0.018). Clinical culture shows that there is higher positive rate in infected group for most clinical pathogens like <italic>Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida auris etc.</italic> and the top three pathogens with positive frequencies were <italic>E. coli</italic>, <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>, and <italic>Enterococcus faecalis.</italic> Benchmarking clinical culture, the total sensitivity is 91.4% and specificity is 76.3% for mNGS. As for mNGS, there was no significant difference in microbiome α- diversity between infected and uninfected group. Three species biomarkers including <italic>Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella oxytoca</italic>, and <italic>Enterobacter cloacae</italic> are enriched in infected group based on Lefse. <italic>E. cloacae</italic> were significantly correlated with IL-6 and IL-10. <italic>K. oxytoca</italic> were significantly correlated with IL-1β. Besides, the unweighted gene number and weighted gene abundance of VFs or ARGs are significantly higher in infected group. Notablely, ARGs belonging to fluoroquinolones, betalatmas, fosfomycin, phenicol, phenolic compound abundance is significantly higher in infected group which may have bad effect on clinical treatment for patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>mNGS, along with urine culture, will provide comprehensive and efficient reference for the diagnosis of UTI in patients with CU and allow us to monitor microbial changes in urine of these patients. Moreover, cytokines (<italic>IL-6, IL-1β</italic>, and <italic>IFN-a</italic>) or microorganisms like <italic>C. freundii, K. oxytoca</italic> or <italic>E. cloacae</italic> are promising biomarkers for building effective UTI diagnostic model of patients with CU and seriously the VFs and ARGs abundance increase in infected group may play bad effect on clinical treatment.</p></sec>