AUTHOR=Lu Jun-Jian , Xu Zhi-Chang , Zhu Hou , Zhu Lin-Yuan , Ma Xiu-Rong , Wang Rui-Rui , Li Rong-Tao , Ye Rui-Rong 

TITLE=Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes combined with fluconazole: antifungal activity against resistant C. albicans

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1200747

DOI=10.3389/fcimb.2023.1200747

ISSN=2235-2988

ABSTRACT=<p><italic>Candida albicans</italic> (<italic>C. albicans</italic>) is a ubiquitous clinical fungal pathogen. In recent years, combination therapy, a potential treatment method to overcome <italic>C. albicans</italic> resistance, has gained traction. In this study, we synthesized a series of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with the formula [Ir(C-N)<sub>2</sub>(tpphz)](PF<sub>6</sub>) (C-N = 2-phenylpyridine (ppy, in <bold>Ir1</bold>), 2-(2-thienyl)pyridine (thpy, in <bold>Ir2</bold>), 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl) pyridine (dfppy, in <bold>Ir3</bold>), tpphz = tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3'',2''-h:2''',3'''-j]phenazine) and polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes with the formula [Ru(N-N)<sub>2</sub>(tpphz)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (N-N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, in <bold>Ru1</bold>), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, in <bold>Ru2</bold>), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DIP, in <bold>Ru3</bold>)), and investigated their antifungal activities against drug-resistant <italic>C. albicans</italic> and their combination with fluconazole (FLC). Of which, the combination of the lead iridium(III) complex <bold>Ir2</bold> and FLC showed strong antifungal activity against drug-resistant <italic>C. albicans.</italic> Mechanism studies have shown that they can inhibit the formation of hyphae and biofilm, damage mitochondrial function and accumulate intracellular ROS. Therefore, iridium(III) complexes combined with FLC can be used as a promising treatment to exert anti-drug-resistant <italic>C. albicans</italic> activity, in order to improve the treatment efficiency of fungal infection.</p>