AUTHOR=Gamsjäger Lisa , Cirone Karina M. , Schluessel Steffany , Campsall Mackenzie , Herik Aydin , Lahiri Priyoshi , Young Daniel , Dufour Antoine , Sapountzis Panagiotis , Otani Saria , Gomez Diego E. , Windeyer M. Claire , Cobo Eduardo R. 

TITLE=Host innate immune responses and microbiome profile of neonatal calves challenged with Cryptosporidium parvum and the effect of bovine colostrum supplementation

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

VOLUME=13

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1165312

DOI=10.3389/fcimb.2023.1165312

ISSN=2235-2988

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Calves are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal infection with <italic>Cryptosporidium parvum</italic> (<italic>C. parvum</italic>), which can result in watery diarrhea and eventually death or impaired development. With little to no effective therapeutics, understanding the host’s microbiota and pathogen interaction at the mucosal immune system has been critical to identify and test novel control strategies.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Herein, we used an experimental model of C. parvum challenge in neonatal calves to describe the clinical signs and histological and proteomic profiling of the mucosal innate immunity and microbiota shifts by metagenomics in the ileum and colon during cryptosporidiosis. Also, we investigated the impact of supplemental colostrum feeding on <italic>C. parvum</italic> infection.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>We showed that <italic>C. parvum</italic> challenged calves experienced clinical signs including pyrexia and diarrhea 5 days post challenge. These calves showed ulcerative neutrophil ileitis with a proteomic signature driven by inflammatory effectors, including reactive oxygen species and myeloperoxidases. Colitis was also noticed with an aggravated mucin barrier depletion and incompletely filled goblet cells. The <italic>C. parvum</italic> challenged calves also displayed a pronounced dysbiosis with a high prevalence of <italic>Clostridium</italic> species (spp.) and number of exotoxins, adherence factors, and secretion systems related to <italic>Clostridium</italic> spp. and other enteropathogens, including <italic>Campylobacter</italic> spp., <italic>Escherichia</italic> sp., <italic>Shigella</italic> spp., and <italic>Listeria</italic> spp. Daily supplementation with a high-quality bovine colostrum product mitigated some of the clinical signs and modulated the gut immune response and concomitant microbiota to a pattern more similar to that of healthy unchallenged calves.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p><italic>C. parvum</italic> infection in neonatal calves provoked severe diarrheic neutrophilic enterocolitis, perhaps augmented due to the lack of fully developed innate gut defenses. Colostrum supplementation showed limited effect mitigating diarrhea but demonstrated some clinical alleviation and specific modulatory influence on host gut immune responses and concomitant microbiota.</p></sec>