AUTHOR=Vaumourin Elise , Vourc'h Gwenaël , Telfer Sandra , Lambin Xavier , Salih Diaeldin , Seitzer Ulrike , Morand Serge , Charbonnel Nathalie , Vayssier-Taussat Muriel , Gasqui Patrick 

TITLE=To be or not to be associated: power study of four statistical modeling approaches to identify parasite associations in cross-sectional studies

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

VOLUME=4

YEAR=2014

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2014.00062

DOI=10.3389/fcimb.2014.00062

ISSN=2235-2988

ABSTRACT=<p>A growing number of studies are reporting simultaneous infections by parasites in many different hosts. The detection of whether these parasites are significantly associated is important in medicine and epidemiology. Numerous approaches to detect associations are available, but only a few provide statistical tests. Furthermore, they generally test for an overall detection of association and do not identify which parasite is associated with which other one. Here, we developed a new approach, the association screening approach, to detect the overall and the detail of multi-parasite associations. We studied the power of this new approach and of three other known ones (i.e., the generalized chi-square, the network and the multinomial GLM approaches) to identify parasite associations either due to parasite interactions or to confounding factors. We applied these four approaches to detect associations within two populations of multi-infected hosts: (1) rodents infected with <italic>Bartonella</italic> sp., <italic>Babesia microti</italic> and <italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</italic> and (2) bovine population infected with <italic>Theileria</italic> sp. and <italic>Babesia</italic> sp. We found that the best power is obtained with the screening model and the generalized chi-square test. The differentiation between associations, which are due to confounding factors and parasite interactions was not possible. The screening approach significantly identified associations between <italic>Bartonella doshiae</italic> and <italic>B. microti</italic>, and between <italic>T. parva</italic>, <italic>T. mutans</italic>, and <italic>T. velifera</italic>. Thus, the screening approach was relevant to test the overall presence of parasite associations and identify the parasite combinations that are significantly over- or under-represented. Unraveling whether the associations are due to real biological interactions or confounding factors should be further investigated. Nevertheless, in the age of genomics and the advent of new technologies, it is a considerable asset to speed up researches focusing on the mechanisms driving interactions between parasites.</p>