Yuhang Mao ^1,2,3 Juanping Xie ^1,3* Fang Yang ^4* Yan Luo ^1* Juan Du ^5* Hong Xiang ^2*

• ¹ School of Medicine, Ankang University, Ankang, Shanxi, China
• ² Ankang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Ankang, China
• ³ Shaanxi Province Engineering and technology research center for Development & Utilization of Qinba Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, AnKang University, Ankang, China
• ⁴ School of Modern Agriculture and Biotechnology, Ankang University, Ankang, Shaanxi Province, China
• ⁵ Department of Stomatology, Hengqin Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

Tumor, as the second leading cause of death globally, following closely behind cardiovascular diseases, remains a significant health challenge worldwide. Despite the existence of various cancer treatment methods, their efficacy is still suboptimal, necessitating the development of safer and more efficient treatment strategies. Additionally, the advancement of personalized therapy offers further possibilities in cancer treatment. Nanomedicine, as a promising interdisciplinary field, has shown tremendous potential and prospects in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. As an emerging approach in oncology, the application of nanomedicine in personalized cancer therapy primarily focuses on targeted drug delivery systems such as passive targeting drug delivery, active targeting drug delivery, and environmentally responsive targeting drug delivery, as well as imaging diagnostics such as tumor biomarker detection, tumor cell detection, and in vivo imaging. However, it still faces challenges regarding safety, biocompatibility, and other issues. This review aims to explore the advances in the use of nanomaterials in the field of personalized cancer diagnosis and treatment and to investigate the prospects and challenges of developing personalized therapies in cancer care, providing direction for the clinical translation and application.