AUTHOR=Xi Yue , Zhang Xiao-Li , Luo Qing-Xin , Gan Hai-Ning , Liu Yu-Shi , Shao Shi-He , Mao Xu-Hua 

TITLE=Helicobacter pylori regulates stomach diseases by activating cell pathways and DNA methylation of host cells

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

VOLUME=11

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2023.1187638

DOI=10.3389/fcell.2023.1187638

ISSN=2296-634X

ABSTRACT=<p>One of the most prevalent malignant tumors of the digestive tract is gastric cancer (GC). Age, high salt intake, <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> (<italic>H. pylori</italic>) infection, and a diet deficient in fruits and vegetables are risk factors for the illness. A significant risk factor for gastric cancer is infection with <italic>H. pylori</italic>. Infecting gastric epithelial cells with virulence agents secreted by <italic>H. pylori</italic> can cause methylation of tumor genes or carcinogenic signaling pathways to be activated. Regulate downstream genes’ aberrant expression, albeit the precise mechanism by which this happens is unclear. Oncogene, oncosuppressor, and other gene modifications, as well as a number of different gene change types, are all directly associated to the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer. In this review, we describe comprehensive <italic>H. pylori</italic> and its virulence factors, as well as the activation of the NF-κB, MAPK, JAK/STAT signaling pathways, and DNA methylation following infection with host cells via virulence factors, resulting in abnormal gene expression. As a result, host-related proteins are regulated, and gastric cancer progression is influenced. This review provides insight into the <italic>H. pylori</italic> infection, summarizes a series of relevant papers, discusses the complex signaling pathways underlying molecular mechanisms, and proposes new approach to immunotherapy of this important disease.</p>