Yunlong Yang- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Editorial on the Research Topic
The adipose tissue microenvironment in cancer: Molecular mechanisms and targets for treatment
Adipose tissue is one of the major components distributed throughout the human body and is considered as tissues that actively participates in metabolic and endocrine homeostasis. Cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs) are commonly seen in tumors that originate from adipocyte-rich organs, which include breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancers. Though CAAs were originally thought to be merely a passive, neutral, and terminally differentiated cell type during tumor progression, interest in them re-surged after they were identified to have multiple abilities to promote tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Recent evidence shows that CAAs respond to cancer cell-derived paracrine signaling to provide various adipokines, growth factors, as well as metabolic substrates for enhancing tumor cell proliferation and invasion (Quail and Dannenberg, 2019; Hoy et al., 2017). In addition to direct crosstalk between CAA and tumor cells, CAA participates in TME remodeling by altering the phenotype of other host cell types or by the phenotypic transition to fibroblast-like cells (Bochet et al., 2013). The remodeled TME in turn facilitates tumor growth, invasion, and drug resistance (Song et al., 2020; Iwamoto et al., 2018; Sheng et al., 2017). This indirect tumor-promoting effect of CAA has not been fully understood.
Other than adipocytes in the tumor, distant adipose depots outside the TME restlessly communicate with tumor tissue. Factors and metabolites released from the TME influence the distant tissues and organs, hence inducing cancer-associated complications. Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is the most critical cancer-associated complication and is estimated to be the cause of death in 1/4 of cancer patients (Baracos et al., 2018). Conversely, distant adipose depots provide metabolites, endocrine factors, and exosomes to regulate tumor development (Jafari et al., 2021). Together, adipocyte-tumor cell crosstalk not only happens in the tumor microenvironment, but exists in the tumor macroenvironment (Figure 1), which includes the tumor-associated systemic pathological interactions (Yang and Cao, 2022); Al-Zhoughbi et al., 2014). The difference between these two types of crosstalks is that the former is paracrine or autocrine, while the latter is largely endocrine. Here in this topic, we gathered original research and reviews to describe the mechanisms of adipocyte-tumor cell crosstalk in microenvironment and macroenvironment, and also highlight potential targets for regulating this unique cell-cell interaction.
FIGURE 1. Adipocyte-tumor cell crosstalk in tumor microenvironment and tumor macroenvironment. (In the TME, CAA interacts with tumor cells via autocrine and paracrine signalings. Additionally, CAA indirectly promotes tumor cells via various host cell types in the TME. In contrast, distant adipose tissue systemically interacts with tumor cells or host cells via endocrine signalings).
Among various tumor types, breast cancer is the most well-known cancer that is closely associated with adipocytes. Here, Miran et al. performed a small clinical study in which human adipocytes from tumor-bearing and tumor-free breasts were collected and their expression profiles were analyzed. In response to tumor, adipocytes have unique expression patterns and may bring a tumor-permissive environment. Bergqvist et al. analysed adipocyte secretome under normal and obese-like conditions and found that adipocytes promote breast cancer proliferation through adipokine receptor CAP1. In addition to mature adipocytes, adipose stem cells also play a role in the interaction with tumor cells. Fajka-Boja et al. identified that a subpopulation of adipose stem cells, polyploid adipose stem cells, could promote breast cancer cell proliferation. Wu et al. discussed the interesting question of how senescence of CAA affects tumor progression. These research findings provide mechanistic insights into direct adipocyte-tumor cell effects. Other than that, indirect pro-tumor effects have also been described in the current topic. Delort et al. found that adipocytes enhance tumor invasion by altering the phenotype of a less studied mammary cell type, breast myoepithelial cells. Yadav et al. showed that adipocytes educate inflammatory cells, which consequently enhance angiogenesis, a critical process for tumor development and metastasis.
Besides breast cancer, contributors have made clinically relevant explorations in colorectal and pancreatic cancers, which are closely associated with adipocytes. Abu et al. reported that CRC patients with high BMI were able to release extracellular vesicles with immunoregulatory functions. Cheng et al. examined the role of immune signaling in colorectal cancer metastasis. Yang et al. explored therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer. Generally, these manuscripts provide new evidence of adipocyte-tumor cell crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment.
In the tumor macroenvironment, several works in the current topic discussed the communication between tumor and adipose tissue in the aspect of metabolic homeostasis and cancer-associated complications. Sun et al. discussed the details of adipose tissue wasting in CAC development and summarized CAC animal models. Trivanović et al. briefly discussed the adipocyte-tumor crosstalk. Distant adipose tissues promote tumor development by releasing regulatory factors into the circulation. Wang et al. found that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote tumor progression via exosomes. Adipose tissue might communicate with cancer via metabolites. Recent progress in our understanding of cancer metabolism has made metabolism one of the most exciting areas of tumor biology and tumor therapy. Ye et al. summarized obesity-related metabolic alterations in cancer-associated host cells in tumors and discussed how these alterations foster tumor development. Together, we present multiple articles that focus on remote organ-organ communications in the context of cancer, which is not fully studied.
Adipose tissues have interesting and diverse functions in regulating tumor progression. This topic provides some advances and new perspectives on this field. It should be noted that the type of adipose tissue covered in this topic is mainly white adipose tissue. The crosstalk between brown adipose tissue and tumor needs to be further explored (Seki et al., 2022). We thank the contributing authors and reviewers for this topic. The increasing knowledge in the field is contributing to our understanding of the complex adipocyte-tumor cell crosstalks and to the discovery of novel cancer therapeutic options.
Author contributions
YY wrote the manuscript and prepared figures.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: adipocyte, tumor microenvironment, host cells, metabolism, cancer-associated complications
Citation: Yang Y (2022) Editorial: The adipose tissue microenvironment in cancer: Molecular mechanisms and targets for treatment. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 10:954645. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.954645
Received: 27 May 2022; Accepted: 05 October 2022;
Published: 19 October 2022.
Edited and Reviewed by:
Shyamala Maheswaran, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United StatesCopyright © 2022 Yang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yunlong Yang, eXVubG9uZ3lhbmdAZnVkYW4uZWR1LmNu