AUTHOR=Bélanger Sébastien , Berensmann Heather , Baena Valentina , Duncan Keith , Meyers Blake C. , Narayan Kedar , Czymmek Kirk J. 

TITLE=A versatile enhanced freeze-substitution protocol for volume electron microscopy

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2022.933376

DOI=10.3389/fcell.2022.933376

ISSN=2296-634X

ABSTRACT=<p>Volume electron microscopy, a powerful approach to generate large three-dimensional cell and tissue volumes at electron microscopy resolutions, is rapidly becoming a routine tool for understanding fundamental and applied biological questions. One of the enabling factors for its adoption has been the development of conventional fixation protocols with improved heavy metal staining. However, freeze-substitution with organic solvent-based fixation and staining has not realized the same level of benefit. Here, we report a straightforward approach including osmium tetroxide, acetone and up to 3% water substitution fluid (compatible with traditional or fast freeze-substitution protocols), warm-up and transition from organic solvent to aqueous 2% osmium tetroxide. Once fully hydrated, samples were processed in aqueous based potassium ferrocyanide, thiocarbohydrazide, osmium tetroxide, uranyl acetate and lead acetate before resin infiltration and polymerization. We observed a consistent and substantial increase in heavy metal staining across diverse and difficult-to-fix test organisms and tissue types, including plant tissues (<italic>Hordeum vulgare</italic>), nematode (<italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>) and yeast (<italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic>). Our approach opens new possibilities to combine the benefits of cryo-preservation with enhanced contrast for volume electron microscopy in diverse organisms.</p>