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PERSPECTIVE article
Front. Cardiovasc. Med.
Sec. Cardiovascular Metabolism
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1583702
A holistic approach to managing cardio-kidney metabolic syndrome: insights and recommendations from the Italian perspective
Provisionally accepted
Massimo Iacoviello 1*
Mauro Gori 2
Guseppe Grandaliano 3
Roberto Minutolo 4
Dario Pitocco 3 Roberto Trevisan 2- 1 University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- 2 Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy
- 3 Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Rome, Sicily, Italy
- 4 University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Campania, Italy
Cardio-kidney metabolic (CKM) syndrome represents a complex and circular interplay of cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic dysfunctions, significantly contributing to global morbidity and mortality. This expert opinion synthesizes insights from a panel of Italian specialists in cardiology, nephrology, and diabetology, advocating for a holistic and integrated framework for CKM management. The recommendations underline the critical need for early identification and stratification of CKM stages, fostering an interdisciplinary approach that bridges specialties and ensures comprehensive care.Emphasizing innovative pathways for collaboration, including dynamic referral protocols, telemedicine, and shared decision-making, the proposed strategies aim to overcome structural and organizational barriers in healthcare. By promoting a unified approach, the framework seeks to streamline CKM care, enhance communication among specialists, and improve the coordination of services. This holistic strategy represents a pivotal step toward mitigating disease progression, improving clinical outcomes, and enhancing the quality of life for patients with CKM syndrome.
Keywords: cardio-kidney metabolic syndrome, cardio-renal metabolic syndrome, Cardiovascular-Kidney Metabolic Syndrome, ckm syndrome, CRM syndrome, cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic disorders, Chronic Kidney Disease
Received: 26 Feb 2025; Accepted: 24 Mar 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Iacoviello, Gori, Grandaliano, Minutolo, Pitocco and Trevisan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Massimo Iacoviello, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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