Data source and utilization of artificial intelligence technologies in vascular surgery -a scoping review. Brief title: Data for AI applications in vascular surgery

Katarzyna Powezka ^1,2,3* Karin Slater ¹ Michael Wall ³ Georgios Gkoutos ¹ Maciej Juszczak ^1,2

• ¹ University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
• ² University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
• ³ Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust, Dudley, United Kingdom

Objective: The goals of this scoping review were to determine the source of data used to develop AI-based algorithms with emphasis on natural language processing, establish their application in different areas of vascular surgery and identify a target audience of published journals. Materials and Methods: A literature search was carried out using established database from January 1996 to March 2023. Results: 342 peer-reviewed articles met the eligibility criteria. NLP algorithms were described in 34 papers, while 115 and 193 papers focused on machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), respectively. The AI-based algorithms found widest application in research related to aorta (126 articles), carotid disease (85), and peripheral arterial disease (65). Image-based data were utilised in 216 articles, while 153 and 85 papers relied on medical records, and clinical parameters. The AI algorithms were used for predictive modelling (123 papers), medical image segmentation (118), and to aid identification, detection, and diagnosis (103). Discussion: Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are gaining traction in healthcare, including vascular surgery. While most healthcare data is in the form of narrative text or audio recordings, natural language processing (NLP) offers the ability to extract information from unstructured medical records. This can be used to develop more accurate risk prediction models, support shared-decision model, and identify patients for trials to improve recruitment. Conclusion: Utilisation of different data sources and AI technologies depends on the purpose of the undertaken research. Despite the abundance of available of textual data, the NLP is disproportionally underutilised AI sub-domain in vascular surgery.