AUTHOR=Sheagren Calder D. , Cao Tianle , Patel Jaykumar H. , Chen Zihao , Lee Hsu-Lei , Wang Nan , Christodoulou Anthony G. , Wright Graham A. 

TITLE=Motion-compensated T1 mapping in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: a technical review

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

VOLUME=10

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1160183

DOI=10.3389/fcvm.2023.1160183

ISSN=2297-055X

ABSTRACT=<p><inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="IM1"><mml:msub><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> mapping is becoming a staple magnetic resonance imaging method for diagnosing myocardial diseases such as ischemic cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and more. Clinically, most <inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="IM2"><mml:msub><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> mapping sequences acquire a single slice at a single cardiac phase across a 10 to 15-heartbeat breath-hold, with one to three slices acquired in total. This leaves opportunities for improving patient comfort and information density by acquiring data across multiple cardiac phases in free-running acquisitions and across multiple respiratory phases in free-breathing acquisitions. Scanning in the presence of cardiac and respiratory motion requires more complex motion characterization and compensation. Most clinical mapping sequences use 2D single-slice acquisitions; however newer techniques allow for motion-compensated reconstructions in three dimensions and beyond. To further address confounding factors and improve measurement accuracy, <inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="IM3"><mml:msub><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> maps can be acquired jointly with other quantitative parameters such as <inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="IM4"><mml:msub><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="IM5"><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>∗</mml:mo></mml:msubsup></mml:math></inline-formula>, fat fraction, and more. These multiparametric acquisitions allow for constrained reconstruction approaches that isolate contributions to <inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="IM6"><mml:msub><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> from other motion and relaxation mechanisms. In this review, we examine the state of the literature in motion-corrected and motion-resolved <inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="IM7"><mml:msub><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> mapping, with potential future directions for further technical development and clinical translation.</p>