AUTHOR=Gao Xinyu , Fan Chao , Yang Yang , Lee Sanghyeon , Li Qingchun , Maron Mikel , Mostafavi Ali 

TITLE=Early Indicators of Human Activity During COVID-19 Period Using Digital Trace Data of Population Activities

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Built Environment

VOLUME=6

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2020.607961

DOI=10.3389/fbuil.2020.607961

ISSN=2297-3362

ABSTRACT=<p>The spread of pandemics such as COVID-19 is strongly linked to human activities. The objective of this article is to specify and examine early indicators of disease spread risk in cities during the initial stages of outbreak based on patterns of human activities obtained from digital trace data. In this study, the <italic>Venables distance</italic> (<inline-formula id="inf1"><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) and the <italic>activity density</italic> (<inline-formula id="inf2"><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) are used to quantify and evaluate human activities for 193 United States counties, whose cumulative number of confirmed cases was greater than 100 as of March 31, 2020. Venables distance provides a measure of the agglomeration of the level of human activities based on the average distance of human activities across a city or a county (less distance could lead to a greater contact risk). Activity density provides a measure of level of overall activity level in a county or a city (more activity could lead to a greater risk). Accordingly, Pearson correlation analysis is used to examine the relationship between the two human activity indicators and the basic reproduction number in the following weeks. The results show statistically significant correlations between the indicators of human activities and the basic reproduction number in all counties, as well as a significant leader-follower relationship (time lag) between them. The results also show one to two weeks’ lag between the change in activity indicators and the decrease in the basic reproduction number. This result implies that the human activity indicators provide effective early indicators for the spread risk of the pandemic during the early stages of the outbreak. Hence, the results could be used by the authorities to proactively assess the risk of disease spread by monitoring the daily Venables distance and activity density in a proactive manner.</p>