Mario Vitacolonna ¹ Roman Bruch ² Ane Agaçi ¹ Elina Nürnberg ¹ Tiziana Cesetti ¹ Florian Keller ¹ Francesco Padovani ³ Simeon Sauer ⁴ Kurt M. Schmoller ³ Markus Reischl ² Mathias Hafner ⁴ Rüdiger Rudolf ^1*

• ¹ CeMOS, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
• ² Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
• ³ Helmholtz Center München, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres (HZ), Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
• ⁴ Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany

Spheroids have become principal three-dimensional models to study cancer, developmental processes, and drug efficacy. Single-cell analysis techniques have emerged as ideal tools to gauge the complexity of cellular responses in these models. However, the single-cell quantitative assessment based on 3D-microscopic data of the subcellular distribution of fluorescence markers, such as the nuclear/cytoplasm ratio of transcription factors, has largely remained elusive. For spheroid generation, ultra-low attachment plates are noteworthy due to their simplicity, compatibility with automation, and experimental and commercial accessibility. However, it is unknown whether and to what degree the plate type impacts spheroid formation and biology. This study developed a novel AI-based pipeline for the analysis of 3D-confocal data of optically cleared large spheroids at the wholemount, single-cell, and sub-cellular levels. To identify relevant samples for the pipeline, automated brightfield microscopy was employed to systematically compare the size and eccentricity of spheroids formed in six different plate types using four distinct human cell lines. This showed that all plate types exhibited similar spheroid-forming capabilities and the gross patterns of growth or shrinkage during four days after seeding were comparable. Yet, size and eccentricity varied systematically among specific cell lines and plate types. Based on this prescreen, spheroids of HaCaT keratinocytes and HT-29 cancer cells were further assessed. In HaCaT spheroids, the in-depth analysis revealed a correlation between spheroid size, cell proliferation, and the nuclear/cytoplasm ratio of the transcriptional coactivator, YAP1, as well as an inverse correlation with respect to cell differentiation. These findings, yielded with a spheroid model and at a single-cell level, corroborate earlier concepts of the role of YAP1 in cell proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes in human skin. Further, the results show that the plate type may influence the outcome of experimental campaigns and that it is advisable to scan different plate types for the optimal configuration during a specific investigation.