Expression, Characterization and Its Deinking Potential of a Thermostable Xylanase From Planomicrobium glaciei CHR43

Genome mining is more and more widely used in identifying new enzymes from database. In the present study, we reported a putative xylanase, Pg-Xyn (WP_053166147.1), which originated from a psychrotolerant strain Planomicrobium glaciei CHR 43, and was identified from Genbank by genome mining. Sequence analysis and homology modeling showed that Pg-Xyn belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 10. On the basis of heterologous expression in E. coli and biochemical characterization, we found Pg-Xyn was most active at pH 9.0 and 80°C and exhibited good stability from pH 5.0 to 12.0 and below 90°C. Pg-Xyn was slightly activated in the presence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, while it was strongly inhibited by Mn²⁺. The analysis of hydrolysis products showed that Pg-Xyn was an endo-β-1,4-xylanase. In addition, Pg-Xyn performed good deinking ability in a paper deinking test. In consideration of its unique properties, Pg-Xyn might be a promising candidate for application in the paper and pulp industries.

Introduction

Xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic linkages within xylan, playing the most important role in complete breakdown of xylan (Collins et al., 2005). In nature, xylanases exist in a variety of animals, plants, and microorganisms (Uday et al., 2018), and they are widely used in food, textile, ethanol production, waste treatment, and pulp and paper industries (Kumar et al., 2016; Kumar P. S. et al., 2018).

In the past years, much effort have been made to isolate xylanase producers, and a variety of microorganisms including bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi have been found as xylanase producers, among which fungi have the ability to secrete xylanases with much higher yield than bacteria or yeast (Polizeli et al., 2005; Ahmed et al., 2009; Lombard et al., 2014). However, xylanases from bacterial sources show higher thermal stability than those from fungi (Mamo et al., 2006; Shrinivas et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2012; Mhiri et al., 2020).

Nowadays, more and more genomic sequences have been deposited in the sequence databases, which afford huge treasure for mining xylanase candidates. Planomicrobium glaciei CHR43 is a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from the cold desert region (Salwan et al., 2014), and its genome sequence was reported in 2014 (GenBank accession number: AUYR00000000.1). Until now, no record of a xylanase originating from P. glaciei CHR43 has been identified. Since the mesophilic and extremophilic bacteria are generally considered to be potent producers of industrial xylanases, when we used the sequence O30700 of a highly thermostable endo-xylanase isolated from mesophilic, alkalophilic Bacillus sp. NG-27 as a template that is most active at 70°C and pH 8.4 (Gupta et al., 2000) to run blastp job against UniParc database, a putative xylanase sequence from P. glaciei CHR43 (WP_053166147.1) was found to rank in low E-values. Considering that the selected sequence is highly identical to a xylanase from Bacillus sp. NG-27, we wonder whether the putative xylanase mined from the psychrotolerant bacterium would show similar properties. In the present study, the putative xylanase sequence from P. glaciei CHR43 was identified, heterologous expressed, and characterized, and its potential use for enzymatic deinking was also evaluated preliminarily.

Materials and Methods

Strains, Culture, and Chemicals

E. coli BL21(DE3), used as a host for the heterologous expression of xylanase, was purchased from TransGen Biotech (Beijing, China). Luria–Bertani (LB) medium was used to cultivate E. coli BL21(DE3) at 37°C. High-affinity Ni-NTA resins (L00250-C) were bought from GenScript (Nanjing, China). Xylans from bagasse, beechwood, birchwood, corncob and oat-spelt, as well as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Avicel, were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and commercially available.

Gene Screening and Plasmid Synthesis

The sequence Pg-Xyn (WP_053166147.1) was aligned by BLAST search from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database using the xylanase sequence of Bacillus sp. NG-27 (O30700) as a template (Gupta et al., 2000) and a phylogenetic tree as reference. Plasmid was generated by inserting the potent xylanase gene, which was synthesized by GenScript (Nanjing, China), into the BamHI-XhoI sites of pETDuet-1, which results in the addition of histidine tags to Pg-Xyn at N-terminus. The plasmid pETDuet-Pg-Xyn was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3), and their construction was confirmed by sequencing.

Sequence and Putative Structure Analysis

Protein sequence similarity was evaluated using the BLASTp program (Altschul et al., 1990). Molecular mass was predicted using ProtParam tool (Gasteiger et al., 2005). Multiple sequence alignment was conducted with ClustalW (Thompson et al., 1994). Phylogenetic tree construction was performed using MEGA5.1 software according to the neighbor-joining algorithm (Tamura et al., 2007). Structural model was developed through homology modeling using SWISS-MODEL (Biasini et al., 2014). The crystal structure of a xylanase from Bacillus sp. NG-27 (PDB accession code 2FGL) was used as the template for Pg-Xyn. The visualization of the constructed model structure and the generation of graphical figure was performed with the PyMol molecular graphics system (http://www.pymol.org).

Expression and Purification of Pg-Xyn

Plasmid pETDuet-1-Pg-Xyn was transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) competent cells, and pETDuet-1 served as a control. Positive transformants harboring pETDuet-1-Pg-Xyn were harvested in 5 mL of LB medium containing 100 μg ml⁻¹ ampicillin and grown overnight at 37 °C. Then, the overnight culture was shifted into 500 mL of LB medium containing ampicillin (100 μg mL⁻¹) until the absorbance at 600 nm (A₆₀₀) was 0.6. To express Pg-Xyn, isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was added to a final concentration of 1 mM, and the cultures were incubated for 12 h with vigorous agitation at 30°C. Then, the cultures were centrifuged at 10,000 × g at 4°C for 15 min. The cells were washed twice with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 100 mM, pH 7.0), resuspended in the same buffer, and lysed by ultrasonication (220 W) in an ice bath. The lysate supernatant was obtained by centrifuge at 10,000 × g at 4°C for 20 min.

To purify the histidine-tagged recombinant Pg-Xyn, the clarified supernatant was incubated at 50°C for 30 min and then centrifuged at 10,000 × g at 4°C for 10 min to collect the supernatant. The supernatant was loaded onto a Ni-NTA column and eluted with a linear imidazole gradient (50–200 mM). The purity and apparent molecular mass of purified Pg-Xyn was determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Protein concentration was measured via the Bradford method (Bradford, 1976).

Enzyme Activity Assay

The determination of Pg-Xyn activity was based on the amount of reducing sugar produced from substrates, as determined by the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method (Miller, 1959). The mixture consisted of 0.2 mL of properly diluted enzyme and 1.8 mL of 1% (w/v) brichwood xylan (Sigma) in PBS buffer (pH 4.8), and it was incubated at 50 °C for 10 min, and then 2 mL of DNS was added to stop the reaction. The mixture was boiled for 10 min and the A₅₄₀ was measured after cooling the mixture to room temperature. A solution with the same amount of heat-denatured Pg-Xyn and DNS was used as a control. All activity measurements were carried out in triplicate. One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme necessary to produce 1 μmol of reducing sugar per minute.

Optimal pH and pH Stability

The optimal pH of Pg-Xyn was investigated by measuring its activity at 37°C for 10 min using the following buffer solutions between pH 3 and 12. Buffers were citrate-Na₂HPO₄ (pH 3–8), glycine-NaOH (pH 9–10), and Na₂HPO₄-NaOH (pH 11–12). To examine their pH stabilities, Pg-Xyn was added into various buffers ranging from pH 3 to 12, and incubated with brichwood xylan at 37°C for 12 h.

Optimal Temperature and Thermal Stability

The optimal temperature for Pg-Xyn activity was determined from 30 to 90°C at the optimal pH. Enzyme thermostability was determined at temperatures ranging from 50 to 90°C for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h at the optimal pH by measuring the residual activity.

Effect of Metal Ions and Chemical Reagents

To determine the effect of various metal ions and chemical reagents on Pg-Xyn activity, metal ions (Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Ca²⁺) and chemical reagents (EDTA and SDS) were mixed with the purified Pg-Xyn at 1 mM. Pg-Xyn activity was evaluated under the optimal pH and temperature, and a reaction with no additive was used as a control.

Kinetic Studies and Substrate Specificity

The kinetic constants of Pg-Xyn were determined by a Lineweaver–Burk plot. Reactions were conducted using the brichwood xylan as the substrate under the optimal conditions. To probe into its substrate specificity, Pg-Xyn was incubated with one of the following substrates (1%, w/v): xylans from beechwood, corncob, oat-spelt, bagasse, CMC-Na, starch, and Avicel. Pg-Xyn activity was also examined.

Analysis of Xylan Hydrolysis Products

Reactions, including 10 mL of 1% (w/v) substrate (beechwood xylan, corncob xylan, oat-spelt xylan, or bagasse xylan) and 50 μg of the purified Pg-Xyn were incubated at 50°C for 24 h. The hydrolysis products were detected by HPLC using a Zorbax NH₂ column (Agilent, USA) and a refractive index detector. The mobile phase consisted of 80% acetonitrile and 20% water, and the flow rate was 1.0 ml min⁻¹. Xylose, xylobiose, xylotriose, xylotetraose, and xylohexaose were used as the standards.

Deinking of Laser-Printed Paper Using Pg-Xyn

A printed copy page (A4 size) from a Hewlett-Packard laser printer was used for deinking. The paper was printed with black ink. A fixed amount (100 mg) of cut paper (3 × 3 cm) was stripped. The paper strip was dipped into phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing Pg-Xyn (1 U mg⁻¹) and incubated overnight at the optimal temperature. A control with heat-denatured Pg-Xyn was also used. The deinking of the laser-printed paper was measured by testing the absorbance of the released color in the filtrate at 596 nm. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. Enzymatically treated pulp was further observed by microscopy, and laser paper without enzymatic treatment was used as a control.

Results

Sequence Analysis of Pg-Xyn

The complete coding sequence for Pg-Xyn from P. glaciei CHR43 was 1,152 bp. The calculated molecular mass of Pg-Xyn is 44.06 kDa. Sequence analysis showed that Pg-Xyn, belongs to GH10, showing 43–65% identity with those xylanases from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P40943), B. halodurans (P07528), and Clostridium stercorarium (P40942), Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (P23556) using UniProt Knowledgebase searches. Pg-Xyn has two catalytic residues, Glu (179) and Glu (289) according to the sequence alignment of Pg-Xyn with the other 4 family 10 xylanases (Figure 1).

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Sequence comparison of Pg-Xyn to the other xylanases. Amino acid sequence identical to at least four of the aligned sequences are shaded in yellow, this area is highly conservative. Three boxed regions stretches that are unique to alkalophilic xylanases. The residues marked with “*” are the putative active site in family 10 xylanase. Sequence name, microbial source and UniProt Kowledgebase accession number were given as follows: Pg-Xyn Planomicrobium glaciei CHR43 (WP_053166147.1); xyn1_geose Geobacillus stearothermophilus (P40943); xynA_bachd Bacillus halodurans (P07528); xynB Clostridium stercorarium (P40942); xynA_calsa Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (P23556).

A phylogenetic tree was built on the basis of the amino acid sequence of Pg-Xyn (Figure 2). The closest homolog for Pg-Xyn is xylanase from Bacillus sp. NG-27 (O30700), indicating that it could have higher structural similarity. The higher structural similarity can endow Pg-Xyn similar enzymatic properties with thermostable xylanases from some Bacillus genera.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree constructed using the neighbor-joining method (MEGA 5.1). Microbial source and UniProt Bnowledgebase accession number for the selected protein sequences were given as follows: Bacillus sp. NG-27 (O30700), Bacillus sp. N16-5 (D7RA44), Planomicrobium glaciei CHR43 (WP_053166147.1), Clostridium stercorarium (P40942), Thermobacillus composti (L0EGW5), Paenibacillus barcinonensis (O69230), and Paenibacillus barcinonensis (O69231).

Pg-Xyn has 64.2% sequence identity with xylanase O30700 from Bacillus sp. NG-27. After Swiss-model modeling, it is found that although the detailed interaction sites between Pg-Xyn and Xylan are different, the superposition shows that their characteristic motifs and corresponding active regions are highly similar in structure, and the active pocket regions are quite conservative. Homology modeling revealed that Pg-Xyn has the same 8-fold (β/α) structure as thermostable F/10 xylanase O30700 (PDB 2FGL). This 8-fold (β/α) or TIM barrel fold typically found in all GH10 xylanases. Pg-Xyn and 2FGL have similar conserved sites Asp and Glu, which are conserved in alkalophilic xylanases, but less conserved in non-alkalo-philic xylanases (Manikandan et al., 2006). On the basis of the 3 D-structure of Pg-Xyn, two glutamic acid residues, Glu 179 and Glu 289, were identified as putative catalytic residues (Figure 3).

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Structure prediction of Pg-Xyn by SWISS-Model. Glu 179 and Glu 289 are marked.

Expression and Purification of Pg-Xyn

After being expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), Pg-Xyn showed the highest specific activity of 1.08 × 10⁴ U mg⁻¹ in crude cell extracts. Pg-Xyn was treated at 50°C for 30 min and then purified by Ni-NTA column chromatography. Pg-Xyn exhibited a yield of 83% after purification from the crude extract. The specific activity of the purified Pg-Xyn reached 1.95 × 10⁴ U mg⁻¹. The purified Pg-Xyn was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. There was a single band of ~44.3 kDa, which agreed with its theoretical molecular weight (Table 1; Figure 4).

TABLE 1

Table 1. Summary of the purification of Pg-Xyn.

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. SDS-PAGE of the purified Pg-Xyn. M, Low protein marker; 1, Pg-Xyn purified enzyme; 2, Pg-Xyn crude enzyme.

Biochemical Characterization of the Purified Pg-Xyn

The optimal pH for Pg-Xyn was pH 9, presenting high activity between pH 5 and 11. After incubation at 37°C for 12 h, Pg-Xyn retained more than 80% of its activity (Figure 5A). The pH characteristic of Pg-Xyn was similar to that of a xylanase from Bacillus sp. NG-27 (Gupta et al., 2000). The optimal temperature for Pg-Xyn was 80°C at pH 9.0 (Figure 5B). Pg-Xyn retained >50% of its activity between 50 and 90°C after 6 h (Figure 5C). The optimal temperature for Pg-Xyn was higher than those of earlier reports for most bacterial xylanases, as the optimal temperatures of Bacillus sp. PKD-9, Bacillus arseniciselenatis DSM 15340, Bacillus pumilus, and Paenibacillus campinasensis G1-1 range from 50 to 60°C (Kamble and Jadhav, 2012; Zhang et al., 2012; Thomas et al., 2014). These results suggested that Pg-Xyn is an alkali-thermostable xylanase.

FIGURE 5

Figure 5. Biochemical characterization of the purified Pg-Xyn. (A) Effect of pH on Pg-Xyn activity and pH stability of Pg-Xyn; (B) Effect of temperature on Pg-Xyn activity; (C) Thermal stability of Pg-Xyn.

The purified Pg-Xyn activity was tested in the presence of metal ions and chemical agents (Table 2). Pg-Xyn was slightly activated in the presence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, while it was inhibited by the addition of Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, and EDTA. In particular, Pg-Xyn was strongly inactivated by Mn²⁺. These results were similar to the other xylanases in previous publications (Ratanakhanokchai et al., 1999; Ping et al., 2018).

TABLE 2

Table 2. Effect of metal ions and chemical reagents on the activity of the purified Pg-Xyn.

Kinetic Analysis

Kinetic parameters of Pg-Xyn were determined according to Lineweaver–Burk plots (Figure 6), and the K_m and V_max values of the purified Pg-Xyn were 1.8 mg mL⁻¹ and 683 U mg⁻¹, respectively.

FIGURE 6

Figure 6. Lineweaver-Burk plots of Pg-Xyn kinetic analysis.

The catalytic constant (k_cat/K_m) can be used to compare the catalytic ability of enzymes (Zhao et al., 2013; Table 3). Compared with other bacterial xylanases, the k_cat/K_m of Pg-Xyn was 318.9 mL mg⁻¹ s⁻¹, which is higher than that of other bacterial xylanases (Qiu et al., 2010; Verma and Satyanarayana, 2012; Ribeiro et al., 2014; An et al., 2015).

TABLE 3

Table 3. Comparison of the enzymatic properties of Pg-Xyn with those of other bacterial xylanases.

Substrate Specificity

The substrate specificity of the purified Pg-Xyn is displayed in Table 4. The purified Pg-Xyn can hydrolyze corncob xylan effectively, and it showed slightly lower activity on oat-spelt and birchwood xylans, while it exhibited lower activity on bagasse and beechwood xylans. No activity was detected on CMC-Na, starch, and Avicel, indicating that Pg-Xyn is a cellulase-free xylanase.

TABLE 4

Table 4. Substrate specificity of Pg-Xyn.

Analysis of Corncob Xylan Hydrolysis Products

Pg-Xyn has the highest specificity activity to corncob xylan, so we chose corncob xylan as the substrate of the hydrolysis reaction for HPLC analysis. The products of corncob xylan hydrolyzed with the purified Pg-Xyn were determined by HPLC analysis of the reaction solution (Table 5). The major products are xylose, xylobiose and xylotriose, but no xylotetraose was observed (Supplemental Figure 1). According to these results, we confirm that Pg-Xyn is an endo-β-1,4-xylanase.

TABLE 5

Table 5. Hydrolysis products of corncob xylan by Pg-Xyn.

Enzymatic Deinking

Xylanase can increase the relative hydrophobicity of the surface of paper, and facilitate the detachment of adsorbed ink particles. The evaluation of the paper deinking by the newly characterized xylanase revealed that Pg-Xyn had 298% deinking activity, which is higher than 239.58% by a purified xylanase from Bacillus sp. CKBx1D (Maity et al., 2012). The effect of Pg-Xyn on deinking was further investigated by microscopy, as is showed in Figure 7. The results clearly show that the paper lost its fiber compactness and became brighter after enzymatic treatment.

FIGURE 7

Figure 7. Microscopic view of laser printed paper. (A) Control; (B) Treated by Pg-Xyn.

Discussion

Psychrophiles and psychrotolerants are found widely in nature, producing a lot of enzymes to be cold active and general thermolabile. However, thermostable enzymes deriving from psychrophilesare also not uncommon. For example, a thermostable xylose isomerase originating from the psychrophilic soil microorganism, Paenibacillus sp. appears to be most active at 60°C (Park et al., 2019). Oikawa et al. found an aldehyde dehydrogenase and an aspartase with the highest activity at 55°C deriving from Cytophaga sp. KUC-1 (Oikawa et al., 2003). The recombinant L-haloacid dehalogenase isolated from a marine bacterium Psychromonas ingrahamii is most active at 45°C and retains above 70% of its activity after being incubated at 65°C for 90 min (Novak et al., 2013). In the present study, we mined a thermophilic xylanase Pg-Xyn (WP_053166147.1) from the genome sequence of a psychrotolerant bacteria P. glaciei CHR43. The deduced amino acid sequence for Pg-Xyn has strong similarity to some other family 10 xylanases from bacteria. Biochemical characterization showed that Pg-Xyn was thermostable and alkaline preference with the highest activity at pH 9.0 and 80°C. According to previous publications, similar xylanases active at elevated temperatures and alkaline pH have ever been reported. For instance, XynDZ5, a newly reported thermostable xylanolytic enzyme derived from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum, performs best at 65–75°C and pH 7.5 (Zarafeta et al., 2020). Another xylanase XynHB originating from B. pumilus HBP8 was extracellular secreted expressed in E. coli, which have showed high activity under alkaline conditions at 70°C (Zhang et al., 2020). Additionally, a novel xylanse identified from an extreme temperature hot spring metagenome was most active at pH 7 and 80°C and exhibited significant pH stability at pH ranging from 6 to 9 (Joshi et al., 2020).

Xylanases are distributed among two GH families, family 10 and family 11, according to hydrophobic cluster analysis and sequence alignment (Henrissat et al., 1991; Davies and Henrissat, 1995). Most alkali-thermostable xylanases belonging to GH 10 were isolated from alkalophilic, thermophilic or mesophilic bacteria, such as the genus Paenibacillus, Geobacillus, and Bacillus (Zhao et al., 2011; Canakci et al., 2012; Thomas et al., 2014). So far none of alkali-thermostable xylanases has been reported to be identified in the genus Planomicrobium inhabiting cold area. On the basis of the results, this study highlights a new resource for thermostable xylanase producers. In the light of the good thermal performance, Pg-Xyn could attract the interests from many industrial processes. The application of xylanases has long been recognized as an effective bleaching pretreatment in the industries seeking to reduce the use of chlorine-containing bleach agents, thereby minimizing the negative environmental impact (Woolridge, 2014).

In the recent years, deinking of paper pulp employing enzymes has attracted more and more attention. Of these enzymes, cellulase, xylanase, and laccase have usually been used in deinking of paper waste. Xylanase isozymes from Bacillus sp. CKBx1D and cellulase-xylanase complex from E. coli SD5 have been found to exhibit deinking activity and to enhance the brightness of waste pulp (Maity et al., 2012; Kumarab N. V. et al., 2018). According to deinking test, Pg-Xyn showed the higher activity in enzymatic deinking. In view of its good thermal stability and higher activity, we believe Pg-Xyn might be a good candidate to be utilized in pulp and paper industries.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.

Author Contributions

HJ and NH conceived and designed the experiments. ZL and TS performed the experiments and analyzed the data. BW and YL contributed to experimental design and also critically revised the manuscript. ZL drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (21676142), Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund Project [CX(19)2001], Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Universities, and Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province, the Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-manufacture, and PAPD.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

We thank Chao Zhong and Ming Yan for helpful discussions.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.618979/full#supplementary-material

References

Ahmed, S., Riaz, S., and Jamil, A. (2009). Molecular cloning of fungal xylanases: an overview. Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 84, 19–35. doi: 10.1007/s00253-009-2079-4

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., and Lipman, D. J. (1990). Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol. 215, 403–410. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

An, J., Xie, Y., Zhang, Y., Tian, D., Wang, S., Yang, G., et al. (2015). Characterization of a thermostable, specific GH10 xylanase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii with high catalytic activity. J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym. 117, 13–20. doi: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.04.003

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Biasini, M., Bienert, S., Waterhouse, A., Arnold, K., Studer, G., Schmidt, T., et al. (2014). SWISS-MODEL: modelling protein tertiary and quaternary structure using evolutionary information. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, 252–258. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku340

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72, 248–254. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Canakci, S., Cevher, Z., Inan, K., Tokgoz, M., Bahar, F., Kacagan, M., et al. (2012). Cloning, purification and characterization of an alkali-stable endoxylanase from thermophilic Geobacillus sp. 71. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28, 1981–1988. doi: 10.1007/s11274-011-1000-3

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Collins, T., Gerday, C., and Feller, G. (2005). Xylanases, xylanase families and extremophilic xylanases. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 29, 3–23. doi: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.06.005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Davies, G., and Henrissat, B. (1995). Structures and mechanisms of glycosyl hydrolases. Structure 3, 853–859. doi: 10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00220-9

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gasteiger, E., Hoogland, C., Gattiker, A., Duvaud, S., Wilkins, M. R., Appel, R. D., et al. (2005). “Protein identification and analysis tools on the ExPASy server,” in The Proteomics Protocols Handbook, ed J. M. Walker (Totowa, NJ: Humana Press), 571–607.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Gupta, N., Reddy, V. S., Maiti, S., and Ghosh, A. (2000). Cloning, expression, and sequence analysis of the gene encoding the mesophilic Bacillus sp. strain NG-27. Appl. Environ. Microbial. 66, 2631–2635. doi: 10.1128/AEM.66.6.2631-2635.2000

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text

Henrissat, B., Vegetales, M., and Grenoble, F. (1991). A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based sequence similarities amino acid. Biochem. J. 280, 309–316. doi: 10.1042/bj2800309

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Joshi, N., Sharma, M., and Singh, S. P. (2020). Characterization of a novel xylanase from an extreme temperature hot spring metagenome for xylooligosaccharide production. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 104, 4889–4901. doi: 10.1007/s00253-020-10562-7

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kamble, R. D., and Jadhav, A. R. (2012). Isolation, purification, and characterization of xylanase produced by a new species of Bacillus in solid state fermentation. Int. J. Microbiol. 2012:683193. doi: 10.1155/2012/683193

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kumar, P. S., Yaashikaa, P. R., and Saravanan, A. (2018). Isolation, characterization and purification of xylanase producing bacteria from sea sediment. Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology 13, 299–303. doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.01.007

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kumar, V., Marín-Navarro, J., and Shukla, P. (2016). Thermostable microbial xylanases for pulp and paper industries: trends, applications and further perspectives. World J. Microbial. Biotechnol. 32:34. doi: 10.1007/s11274-015-2005-0

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kumarab, N. V., Rania, M. E., Gunaseelic, R., and Kannand, N. D. (2018). Paper pulp modification and deinking efficiency of cellulase-xylanase complex from Escherichia coli SD5. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 111, 289–295. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.126

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lombard, V., GolacondaRamulu, H., Drula, E., Coutinho, P. M., and Henrissat, B. (2014). The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, 490–495. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkt1178

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Maity, C., Ghosh, K., Halder, S. K., Jana, A., Adak, A., Mohapatra, P. K., et al. (2012). Xylanase isozymes from the newly isolated bacillus sp. CKBx1D and optimization of its deinking potentiality. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 167, 1208–1219. doi: 10.1007/s12010-012-9556-4

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mamo, G., Hatti-Kaul, R., and Mattiasson, B. (2006). A thermostable alkaline active endo-β-1-4-xylanase from Bacillus halodurans S7: purification and characterization. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 39, 1492–1498. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.03.040

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Manikandan, K., Bhardwaj, A., Gupta, N., Lokanath, N. K., Ghosh, A., Reddy, V. S., et al. (2006). Crystal structures of native and xylosaccharides-bound alkali thermostable xylanase from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. NG-27: structural insights into alkalophilicity and implications for adaptation to polyextreme conditions. Protein Sci. 15, 1951–1960. doi: 10.1110/ps.062220206

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mhiri, S., Bouanane-Darenfed, A., Jemli, S., Neifar, S., and Bejar, S. (2020). A thermophilic and thermostable xylanase from Caldicoprobacter algeriensis: recombinant expression, characterization and application in paper biobleaching. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 164, 808–817. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.162

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Miller, G. L. (1959). Use of dinitrosalicylicacid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Anal. Chem. 31, 426–428. doi: 10.1021/ac60147a030

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Novak, H. R., Sayer, C., Panning, J., and Littlechild, J. A. (2013). Characterisation of an L-haloacid dehalogenase from the marine psychrophile Psychromona singrahamii with potential industrial application. Marine Biotechnol. 15, 695–705. doi: 10.1007/s10126-013-9522-3

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Oikawa, T., Kazuoka, T., and Soda, K. (2003). Paradoxical thermostable enzymes from psychrophile: molecular characterization and potentiality for biotechnological application. J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym. 23, 65–70. doi: 10.1016/S1381-1177(03)00073-0

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Park, S. H., Kwon, S., Lee, C. W., Kim, C. M., Jeong, C. S., Kim, K. J., et al. (2019). Crystal structure and functional characterization of a xylose isomerase (PBXI) from the psychrophilic soil microorganism, Paenibacillus sp. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 29, 244–255. doi: 10.4014/jmb.1810.10057

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ping, L. F., Wang, M. J., Yuan, X. L., Cui, F. J., Huang, D. M., Sun, W. J., et al. (2018). Production and characterization of a novel acidophilic and thermostable xylanase from Thermoascus aurantiacu. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 109, 1270–1279. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.130

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Polizeli, M. L. T. M., Rizzatti, A. C. S., Monti, R., Terenzi, H. F., Jorge, J. A., and Amorim, D. S. (2005). Xylanases from fungi: properties and industrial applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 67, 577–591. doi: 10.1007/s00253-005-1904-7

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Qiu, Z., Shi, P., Luo, H., Bai, Y., Yuan, T., Yang, P., et al. (2010). A xylanase with broad pH and temperature adaptability from Streptomyces megasporus DSM 41476, and its potential application in brewing industry. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 46, 506–512. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.02.003

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ratanakhanokchai, K., Kyu, K. L., and Tanticharoen, M. (1999). Purification and properties of a xylan-binding endoxylanase from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain K-1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 694–697. doi: 10.1128/AEM.65.2.694-697.1999

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ribeiro, L. F. C., De Lucas, R. C., Vitcosque, G. L., Ribeiro, L. F., Ward, R. J., Rubio, M. V., et al. (2014). A novel thermostable xylanase GH10 from Malbranchea pulchella expressed in Aspergillus nidulans with potential applications in biotechnology. Biotechnol. Biofuels 7:115. doi: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-115

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Salwan, R., Swarnkar, K., Singh, K., and Kasana, C. (2014). First draft genome sequence of a member of the genus Planomicrobium, isolated from the Chandra river, India. Genome Announc. 2, e01259–e01213. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.01259-13

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Shrinivas, D., Savitha, G., Raviranjan, K., and Naik, G. R. (2010). A highly thermostable alkaline cellulase-free xylanase from thermoalkalophilicbacillus sp. JB 99 suitable for paper and pulp industry: purification and characterization. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 162, 2049–2057. doi: 10.1007/s12010-010-8980-6

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M., and Kumar, S. (2007). MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24, 1596–1599. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msm092

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Thomas, L., Ushasree, M. V., and Pandey, A. (2014). An alkali-thermostable xylanase from Bacillus pumilus functionally expressed in Kluyveromyces lactis and evaluation of its deinking efficiency. Bioresour. Technol. 165, 309–313. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.037

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., and Gibson, T. J. (1994). Clustal-W - improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 4673–4680. doi: 10.1093/nar/22.22.4673

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Uday, U. S. P., Goswami, S., Gopikrishna, K., Bandyopadhyay, T. K., and Bhunia, B. (2018). Identification of markers at various stages of batch fermentation and improved production of xylanase using Aspergillus niger (KP874102.1). 3 Biotech 8:337. doi: 10.1007/s13205-018-1363-3

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Verma, D., and Satyanarayana, T. (2012). Cloning, expression and applicability of thermo-alkali-stable xylanase of Geobacillus thermoleovorans in generating xylooligosaccharides from agro-residues. Bioresour. Technol. 107, 333–338. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.055

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Woolridge, E. M. (2014). Mixed enzyme systems for delignification of lignocellulosic biomass. Catalysts 4, 1–35. doi: 10.3390/catal4010001

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zarafeta, D., Galanopoulou, A. P., Leni, M. E., Kaili, S. I., Chegkazi, M. S., Chrysina, E. D., et al. (2020). XynDZ5: a new thermostable GH10 xylanase. Front. Microbiol. 11:545. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00545

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhang, F., Chen, J., Ren, W., Lin, L., Zhou, Y., Zhi, X., et al. (2012). Cloning, expression, and characterization of an alkaline thermostable GH11 xylanase from Thermobifida halotolerans YIM 90462T. J. Industr. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39, 1109–1116. doi: 10.1007/s10295-012-1119-8

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhang, F. Y., He, H. H., Deng, T., Ge, H. R., Yu, C., Feng, L., et al. (2020). N-terminal fused signal peptide prompted extracellular production of a bacillus- derived alkaline and thermo stable xylanase in E. coli through cell autolysis. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 192, 339–352. doi: 10.1007/s12010-020-03323-9

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhao, L., Meng, K., Bai, Y., Shi, P., Huang, H., Luo, H., et al. (2013). Two family 11 xylanases from Achaetomium sp. Xz-8 with high catalytic efficiency and application potentials in the brewing industry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61, 6880–6889. doi: 10.1021/jf4001296

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zhao, Y., Meng, K., Luo, H., Yang, P., Shi, P., Huang, H., et al. (2011). Cloning, expression, and characterization of a new Xylanase from alkalophilic Paenibacillus sp. 12-11. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21, 861–868. doi: 10.4014/jmb.1102.02024

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar