AUTHOR=Florentino Anna Patrícya , Costa Rachel Biancalana , Hu Yuansheng , O'Flaherty Vincent , Lens Piet N. L. 

TITLE=Long Chain Fatty Acid Degradation Coupled to Biological Sulfidogenesis: A Prospect for Enhanced Metal Recovery

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

VOLUME=8

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2020.550253

DOI=10.3389/fbioe.2020.550253

ISSN=2296-4185

ABSTRACT=<p>This research assessed the microbiological suitability of oleate degradation coupled to sulfidogenesis by enriching communities from anaerobic sludge treating dairy products with S<sup>0</sup>, <inline-formula><mml:math id="M1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>SO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><mml:math id="M2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>SO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:math></inline-formula>, and S<sub>2</sub><inline-formula><mml:math id="M3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:math></inline-formula> as electron acceptors. The limiting factor hampering highly efficient oleate degradation was investigated in batch reactors. The best sulfidogenic performance coupled to specialization of the enriched bacterial community was obtained for S<sup>0</sup>- and S<sub>2</sub><inline-formula><mml:math id="M4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:math></inline-formula>-reducing enrichments, with 15.6 (± 0.2) and 9.0 (± 0.0) mM of sulfide production, respectively. Microbial community analyses revealed predominance of <italic>Enterobacteraceae</italic> (50.6 ± 5.7%), <italic>Sulfurospirillum</italic> (23.1 ± 0.1%), <italic>Bacteroides</italic> (7.5 ± 1.5%) and <italic>Seleniivibrio</italic> (6.9 ± 1.1%) in S<sup>0</sup>-reducing cultures. In S<sub>2</sub><inline-formula><mml:math id="M5" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:math></inline-formula>-reducing enrichments, the genus <italic>Desulfurella</italic> predominated (49.2 ± 1.2%), followed by the <italic>Enterobacterales</italic> order (20.9 ± 2.3%). S<sup>0</sup>-reducing cultures were not affected by oleate concentrations up to 5 mM, while S<sub>2</sub><inline-formula><mml:math id="M6" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:math></inline-formula>-reducing cultures could degrade oleate in concentrations up to 10 mM, with no significant impact on sulfidogenesis. In sequencing batch reactors operated with sulfide stripping, the S<sup>0</sup>-reducing enrichment produced 145.8 mM sulfide, precipitating Zn as ZnS in a separate tank. The S<sub>2</sub><inline-formula><mml:math id="M7" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:math></inline-formula> fed bioreactor only produced 23.4 mM of sulfide precipitated as ZnS. The lower sulfide production likely happened due to sulfite toxicity, an intermediate of thiosulfate reduction. Therefore, elemental sulfur reduction represents an excellent alternative to the currently adopted approaches for LCFA degradation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of oleate degradation with the flux of electrons totally diverted toward sulfide production for metal precipitation, showing great efficiency of LCFA degradation coupled to high levels of metals precipitated as metal sulfide.</p>