AUTHOR=Buitelaar Jan , Bölte Sven , Brandeis Daniel , Caye Arthur , Christmann Nina , Cortese Samuele , Coghill David , Faraone Stephen V. , Franke Barbara , Gleitz Markus , Greven Corina U. , Kooij Sandra , Leffa Douglas Teixeira , Rommelse Nanda , Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Polanczyk Guilherme V. , Rohde Luis Augusto , Simonoff Emily , Stein Mark , Vitiello Benedetto , Yazgan Yanki , Roesler Michael , Doepfner Manfred , Banaschewski Tobias TITLE=Toward Precision Medicine in ADHD JOURNAL=Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience VOLUME=16 YEAR=2022 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/behavioral-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.900981 DOI=10.3389/fnbeh.2022.900981 ISSN=1662-5153 ABSTRACT=

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition for which curative treatments are lacking. Whilst pharmacological treatments are generally effective and safe, there is considerable inter-individual variability among patients regarding treatment response, required dose, and tolerability. Many of the non-pharmacological treatments, which are preferred to drug-treatment by some patients, either lack efficacy for core symptoms or are associated with small effect sizes. No evidence-based decision tools are currently available to allocate pharmacological or psychosocial treatments based on the patient's clinical, environmental, cognitive, genetic, or biological characteristics. We systematically reviewed potential biomarkers that may help in diagnosing ADHD and/or stratifying ADHD into more homogeneous subgroups and/or predict clinical course, treatment response, and long-term outcome across the lifespan. Most work involved exploratory studies with cognitive, actigraphic and EEG diagnostic markers to predict ADHD, along with relatively few studies exploring markers to subtype ADHD and predict response to treatment. There is a critical need for multisite prospective carefully designed experimentally controlled or observational studies to identify biomarkers that index inter-individual variability and/or predict treatment response.