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Sukhbinder Kumar1,2*
Timothy D. Griffiths1,2,3- 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London, United Kingdom
- 2Auditory Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical school, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- 3Central Auditory Disorders Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
A commentary on
Commentary: The Brain Basis for Misophonia
by Schröder, A., van Wingen, G., Vulink, N., and Denys, D. (2017). Front. Behav. Neurosci. 11:111. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00111
Schröder et al. (2017) raise three points related to our recent work on misophonia (Kumar et al., 2017).
Firstly they consider the diagnosis of misophonia in our patients. There are no diagnostic criteria for misophonia in ICD 10 or DSM-5 and our criteria are based on our experience of striking similar emotional responses to certain sounds in the subjects we have assessed clinically and more than 150 subjects who were assessed as having misophonia based on our questionnaire (Kumar et al., 2014). Schröder and colleagues feel that the diagnosis of misophonia should be based on criteria that they have developed, based on a series of case reports and a descriptive account of the features in 42 subjects. That study (Schröder et al., 2013) is described by the authors themselves as “anecdotal and observational.”
In terms of the criteria themselves, a second point, we have an open mind and do not feel that anger is necessarily a sine qua non for the condition. Our subjects were selected on the basis of having stable typical responses to trigger sounds over years which are commonly anger (in 86% of 157 subjects who did our questionnaire) but which can take the form of extreme anxiety. Further work on this might take the form of multivariate analysis to seek clustering of symptoms to support the existence of a clear syndrome. But we have now been contacted by more than 300 misophonia sufferers who describe both types of emotion and we do not feel as certain about the diagnostic status of anger as Schröder and colleagues. Moreover, in a recently published large scale study (Rouw and Erfanian, 2017) involving more than 300 misophonic participants, the primary reported emotional response was irritation/annoyance and not anger. Subjects also reported a range of other emotions including disgust, anxiety, impulsiveness (See Table 3 in Rouw and Erfanian, 2017).
The authors pointed out that our brain correlates could be of “general annoyance” and not of anger in misophonia. We strongly disagree. In our study, subjects gave not one but two ratings (i) misophonic distress and (ii) general annoyance. The behavioral data clearly shows dissociation between the two: while the trigger sounds caused misophonic distress, unpleasant sounds triggered general annoyance but not the misophonic distress. Higher brain responses and a stronger connectivity pattern in response to trigger sounds but not to unpleasant sounds therefore reflect misophonic distress and not general annoyance.
The third point raised concerns the possible sensitisation of subjects to trigger sounds by exposure during two visits to our lab. We do not understand how re-exposure to sounds that have been producing a typical misophonic reaction for years might have any bearing on the reaction produced.
The critical advance in our study is to show structural and functional brain changes in the subjects studied using random-effects analyses that allow robust inference about the population from which they were drawn, and which show changes in a plausible brain network for frontal control of emotional responses in insula. The work provides further evidence for a biological syndrome and we hope that it stimulates further work to robustly define the syndrome behaviourally after the important initial steps taken by Schröder and colleagues.
Author Contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
Funding
The authors would like to thank Wellcome Trust for financial supporting this project (Wellcome Trust grant number: WT091681MA).
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
Kumar, S., Hancock, O., Cope, T., Sedley, W., Winston, J., and Griffiths, T. D. (2014). Misophonia: a disorder of emotion processing of sounds. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 85:e3. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308883.38
Kumar, S., Tansley-Hancock, O., Sedley, W., Winston, J. S., Callaghan, M. F., Allen, M., et al. (2017). The brain basis for misophonia. Curr. Biol. 27, 527–533. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.048
Schröder, A., van Wingen, G., Vulink, N., and Denys (2017). Commentary: The Brain Basis for Misophonia. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 11:111. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00111
Schröder, A., Vulink, N., and Denys, D. (2013). Misophonia: diagnostic criteria for a new psychiatric disorder. PLoS ONE 8:e54706. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054706
Keywords: misophonia, mental disorders, neuroimaging, auditory disorders, insula
Citation: Kumar S and Griffiths TD (2017) Response: Commentary: The Brain Basis for Misophonia. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 11:127. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00127
Received: 09 June 2017; Accepted: 15 June 2017;
Published: 29 June 2017.
Edited by:
Pietro Pietrini, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, ItalyCopyright © 2017 Kumar and Griffiths. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Sukhbinder Kumar, c3VraGJpbmRlci5rdW1hckBuZXdjYXN0bGUuYWMudWs=