AUTHOR=Vilchez-Russell Kaleigh A. , Rafferty Nicole E. TITLE=Effects of heat shocks, heat waves, and sustained warming on solitary bees JOURNAL=Frontiers in Bee Science VOLUME=2 YEAR=2024 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bee-science/articles/10.3389/frbee.2024.1392848 DOI=10.3389/frbee.2024.1392848 ISSN=2813-5911 ABSTRACT=
Along with higher average temperatures, global climate change is expected to lead to more frequent and intense extreme heat events, and these different types of warming are likely to differ in their effects on bees. Although solitary bees comprise >75% of bee species, and despite their ecological and economic value as pollinators, a literature search revealed that only 8% of studies on bee responses to warming involve solitary bees. Here we review studies that have addressed how solitary bees are affected by three main types of warming that vary in magnitude and duration: heat shocks, heat waves, and sustained warming. We focus on direct physiological and behavioral effects of warming on solitary bees, rather than the underlying mechanisms. We find that heat shocks have received little attention in solitary bees both in terms of number of studies and relative to social bees, and all of those studies examine the effects of heat shocks on a single genus,