Hyunju K. Connor ^1* Jaewoong Jung ^1,2 Liying Qian ³ Eric K. Sutton ⁴ Gonzalo Cucho-Padin ^1,5 Morgen Crow ⁶ Sang-Yun Lee ^1,5

• ¹ Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, United States
• ² University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, United States
• ³ High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), Boulder, Colorado, United States
• ⁴ University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
• ⁵ The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., District of Columbia, United States
• ⁶ University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States

Recent studies of TWINS Lyman-α observations have reported an increase in geocoronal column brightness during geomagnetic storms, indicating enhanced exospheric hydrogen atom density (NH). This suggests a complex role of exospheric neutrals in determining storm-time magnetosphere dynamics and their energy release through charge-exchange processes. We developed a Model for Analyzing Terrestrial Exosphere (MATE) to investigate storm-time exospheric behaviors and their physical drivers. MATE traces test hydrogen atoms backward in time from locations in the exosphere to a nominal exobase altitude of 500 km, employing Newtonian mechanics with gravitational force. The model then calculates the phase-space densities (PSDs) of test hydrogen atoms at the exobase using the Maxwellian distribution with physics-based exobase conditions from the TIME-GCM upper atmosphere model. MATE maps PSDs at the exobase to the exosphere using Liouville’s Theorem under collisionless assumptions and derives NH by integrating the PSDs across velocity space. We conducted MATE simulation before, during, and after a minor geomagnetic storm from 12 to 18 June 2008, and compared the model results with NH estimates from the TWINS geocorona data. MATE reproduces storm-time density enhancements soon after the minimum Dst is reached, matching well with a general trend of TWINS NH estimates. The results suggest that upper atmospheric heating during a geomagnetic storm increases the number of ballistic and escaping hydrogen atoms entering the exosphere from the exobase, thereby boosting NH. However, the magnitude of modeled NH mismatches the TWINS NH estimates. The potential mechanisms of this density discrepancy include the physics excluded in the MATE model — such as neutral-neutral collisions, neutral-plasma charge exchange, solar radiation pressure, and photoionization — as well as the higher exobase hydrogen density of TIME-GCM compared to typical empirical values, which will be addressed in future.