AUTHOR=Li Ming , Cui Yanmei , Luo Bingxian , Wang Jingjing , Wang Xin TITLE=Deep neural networks of solar flare forecasting for complex active regions JOURNAL=Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences VOLUME=10 YEAR=2023 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/astronomy-and-space-sciences/articles/10.3389/fspas.2023.1177550 DOI=10.3389/fspas.2023.1177550 ISSN=2296-987X ABSTRACT=

Solar flare forecasting is one of major components of operational space weather forecasting. Complex active regions (ARs) are the main source producing major flares, but only a few studies are carried out to establish flare forecasting models for these ARs. In this study, four deep learning models, called Complex Active Region Flare Forecasting Model (CARFFM)-1, −2, −3, and −4, are established. They take AR longitudinal magnetic fields, AR vector magnetic fields, AR longitudinal magnetic fields and the total unsigned magnetic flux in the neutral line region, AR vector magnetic fields and the total unsigned magnetic flux in the neutral region as input, respectively. These four models can predict the production of M-class or above flares in the complex ARs for the next 48 h. Through comparing the performance of the models, CARFFM-4 has the best forecasting ability, which has the most abundant input information. It is suggested that more valuable and rich input can improve the model performance.