Arghavan Rezvani Dehaghani Wenjun Huang Hanning Chen Yang Ni Mohsen Imani ^*

• University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States

With the increasing integration of machine learning into IoT devices, managing energy consumption and data transmission has become a critical challenge. Many IoT applications depend on complex computations performed on server-side infrastructure, necessitating efficient methods to reduce unnecessary data transmission. One promising solution involves deploying compact machine learning models near sensors, enabling intelligent identification and transmission of only relevant data frames. However, existing near-sensor models lack adaptability, as they require extensive pre-training and are often rigidly configured prior to deployment. This paper proposes a novel framework that fuses online learning, active learning, and knowledge distillation to enable adaptive, resource-efficient near-sensor intelligence. Our approach allows near-sensor models to dynamically fine-tune their parameters post-deployment using online learning, eliminating the need for extensive pre-labeling and training. Through a sequential training and execution process, the framework achieves continuous adaptability without prior knowledge of the deployment environment. To enhance performance while preserving model efficiency, we integrate knowledge distillation, enabling the transfer of critical insights from a larger teacher model to a compact student model. Additionally, active learning reduces the required training data while maintaining competitive performance.We validated our framework on both benchmark data from the MS COCO dataset and in a simulated IoT environment. The results demonstrate significant improvements in energy efficiency and data transmission optimization, highlighting the practical applicability of our method in real-world IoT scenarios.