AUTHOR=Li Lu , Thompson Connor , Henselman-Petrusek Gregory , Giusti Chad , Ziegelmeier Lori 

TITLE=Minimal Cycle Representatives in Persistent Homology Using Linear Programming: An Empirical Study With User’s Guide

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence

VOLUME=4

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2021.681117

DOI=10.3389/frai.2021.681117

ISSN=2624-8212

ABSTRACT=<p>Cycle representatives of persistent homology classes can be used to provide descriptions of topological features in data. However, the non-uniqueness of these representatives creates ambiguity and can lead to many different interpretations of the same set of classes. One approach to solving this problem is to optimize the choice of representative against some measure that is meaningful in the context of the data. In this work, we provide a study of the effectiveness and computational cost of several <inline-formula id="inf1"><mml:math id="m1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> minimization optimization procedures for constructing homological cycle bases for persistent homology with rational coefficients in dimension one, including uniform-weighted and length-weighted edge-loss algorithms as well as uniform-weighted and area-weighted triangle-loss algorithms. We conduct these optimizations via standard linear programming methods, applying general-purpose solvers to optimize over column bases of simplicial boundary matrices. Our key findings are: 1) optimization is effective in reducing the size of cycle representatives, though the extent of the reduction varies according to the dimension and distribution of the underlying data, 2) the computational cost of optimizing a basis of cycle representatives exceeds the cost of computing such a basis, in most data sets we consider, 3) the choice of linear solvers matters a lot to the computation time of optimizing cycles, 4) the computation time of solving an integer program is not significantly longer than the computation time of solving a linear program for most of the cycle representatives, using the Gurobi linear solver, 5) strikingly, whether requiring integer solutions or not, we almost always obtain a solution with the same cost and almost all solutions found have entries in <inline-formula id="inf2"><mml:math id="m2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>{</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>‐</mml:mo><mml:mn>1,0,1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>}</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> and therefore, are also solutions to a restricted <inline-formula id="inf3"><mml:math id="m3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> optimization problem, and 6) we obtain qualitatively different results for generators in Erdős-Rényi random clique complexes than in real-world and synthetic point cloud data.</p>