AUTHOR=Tabone André , Bonnici Alexandra , Cristina Stefania TITLE=Automated Page Turner for Musicians JOURNAL=Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence VOLUME=3 YEAR=2020 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2020.00057 DOI=10.3389/frai.2020.00057 ISSN=2624-8212 ABSTRACT=

An increasing number of musicians are opting to use tablet devices instead of traditional print media for their music sheets since the digital medium offers the benefit of storing a lot of music in a compact space. The limited screen size of the tablet devices makes the music difficult to read and musicians often opt to display part of the music page at a time. With fewer music lines on display, the musician will then have to resort to scrolling through the music to read the entire score. This scrolling is annoying since the musicians will need to remove their hands from the instrument to interact with the tablet, causing a break in the music if this is not done quickly enough, or if the tablet is not sufficiently responsive. In this paper, we describe an alternative page turning system which automates the page turning event of the musician. By actively monitoring the musician's on-screen point of regard, the system retains the musician in the loop and thus, the page turns are attuned to the musician's position on the score. By analysing the way the musician's gaze changes between attention to the score and the instrument as well as the way musicians fixate on different parts of the score, we note that musicians often look away from the score and toward their hands, or elsewhere, when playing the instrument. As a result, the eye regions fall outside the field-of-view of the eye-gaze tracker, giving rise to erratic page-turns. To counteract this problem, we create a gaze prediction model that uses Kalman filtering to predict where the musician would be looking on the score. We evaluate our hands-free page turning system using 15 different piano songs containing different levels of difficulty, various repeats, and which also required playing in different registers on the piano, thus, evaluating the applicability of the page-turner under different conditions. Performance of the page-turner was quantified through the number of correct page turns, the number of delayed page turns, and the number of mistaken page turns. Of the 289 page turns involved in the experiment, 98.3% were successfully executed, 1.7% were delayed, while no mistaken page turns were observed.