Massimo Malacarne
Piero Franceschi
Stefania Chessa
Andrea Summer- 1Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- 2Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Editorial on the Research Topic
Genetic factors affecting the nutritional and processing quality of milk
The studies on the effects of genetic factors on milk composition and properties have changed dramatically since the introduction of the so called “omic” sciences. In this Research Topic, it is highlighted how the use of genomics, proteomics and nutrigenomics approaches may help to better investigate milk quality at the gene level. Furthermore, the potential of prediction methods based on the analysis of milk spectra was also investigated to assess the processing quality of milk.
The coagulation ability of milk is essential in the dairy sheep industry because milk is mostly processed into cheese. The cheese-making quality of milk is usually assessed by the measurement of rennet coagulation parameters (RCP). Milk with good RCPs has higher cheese yield and quality (De Marchi et al., 2008). Conversely, non-coagulating milk (NCM, milk not forming a curd within the testing time) impairs achievable cheese yield and profit. Prediction of NCM with rapid methods could allow the use of this parameter in dairy sheep breeding programs. In this regard, Gaspa et al. showed how the analysis of mid-infrared (MIR) spectra of milk is a promising tool to predict NCM. The use of genomic methods was investigated by the same authors to identify potential genes involved in NCM.
The two most widespread genetic variants of beta-casein in bovine milk are A1 and A2. This polymorphism has gained a lot of attention in the last 20 years because of the possible involvement of the A1 variant in non-transmissible diseases on humans (Summer et al., 2020). To date, no negative effects of A1 consumption on human health were detected by official bodies (EFSA, 2009). Despite this, some dairy companies worldwide have started cow milk production, making only A2 milk. Following a genomic approach, Scott et al. reported how the selection of A2 cows could potentially reduce genetic diversity in dairy cows, increasing the level of inbreeding with negative repercussions on fertility.
The polymorphism of caseins influences the processing and nutritional quality of goat milk (Selvaggi et al., 2014). Genetic variants of alpha-s1 casein were associated to different levels (from high to null) of expression of the corresponding protein. Santillo et al. highlighted how the level of expression of alpha-s1 casein was positively associated with the activity of plasmin, the main endogenous proteases in goat milk. This could have important repercussions on the cheese-making quality of milk, because plasmin is directly involved in proteolytic reactions that take place during cheese ripening.
Supplementation of dairy ruminants with specific feed additives is used to improve the nutraceutical quality of milk (Savoini et al., 2019). As a matter of fact, it is well known that diets also affect the expression of genes of the mammary gland. Cremonesi et al. reported how the supplementation of dairy goat with linoleic acid increases the quality of milk fatty acids (increased concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduced n-6/n-3 ratio). Following a nutrigenomic method, they highlighted how supplementation also affects the expression of genes of the mammary gland involved in metabolism and in immune responses to inflammation.
Author contributions
MM wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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References
De Marchi M., Bittante G., Dal Zotto R., Dalvit C., Cassandro M. (2008). Effect of Holstein Friesian and Brown Swiss breeds on quality of milk and cheese. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 4092–4102. doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0788
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2009). Review of the potential health impact of b-casomorphins and related peptides. EFSA Scientific Report 231, 1–107. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.231r
Savoini G., Omodei Zorini F., Farina G., Agazzi A., Cattaneo D., Invernizzi G. (2019). Effects of fat supplementation in dairy goats on lipid metabolism and health status. Animals 9, 917. doi: 10.3390/ani9110917
Selvaggi M., Laudadio V., Dario C., Tufarelli V. (2014). Major proteins in goat milk: an updated overview on genetic variability. Mol. Biol. Rep. 41 (2), 1035–1048. doi: 10.1007/s11033-013-2949-9
Keywords: milk quality, genomic, nutrigenomic, proteomic, mid-infrared spectra
Citation: Malacarne M, Franceschi P, Chessa S and Summer A (2023) Editorial: Genetic factors affecting the nutritional and processing quality of milk. Front. Anim. Sci. 4:1237063. doi: 10.3389/fanim.2023.1237063
Received: 08 June 2023; Accepted: 06 September 2023;
Published: 14 September 2023.
Edited and Reviewed by:
Simona Lucia Bavaro, National Research Council (CNR), ItalyCopyright © 2023 Malacarne, Franceschi, Chessa and Summer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Massimo Malacarne, massimo.malacarne@unipr.it